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WEEK 2:
Intro to blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how much blood is in the body | five (5) litres (eight (8) percent of body mass) |
| percentage of RBCs | forty two (42) - forty five (45) |
| percentage of WBCs and platelets | one (1) |
| percentage of plasma | fifty five (55) - fifty eight (58) |
| role of RBCs | gas transport |
| role of WBCs | defence + immunology |
| role of platelets and fibrinogen | clotting |
| what makes up plasma | water (90%), electrolytes, glucose, lipids, metabolites, gases, hormones, drugs and plasma proteins |
| what are the three plasma proteins | albumins, globulins and fibrinogen |
| albumins | transport, colloidal osmotic pressure |
| globulins | transport, clotting, precursors to hormones, defense |
| serum | coagulated plasma |
| Hb/ haematocrit | oxygen carrying capacity |
| MCV in words | mean corpuscular volume |
| how do you calculate mcv | haematocrit ÷ RBC count |
| what is MCV | average volume (size) of RBCs |
| low mcv | microcytic - small RBCs often seen in iron-deficiency, anemia or thalassaemia |
| high mcv | macrocytic - large RBCs often a sign of vitamin B12/ folate deficiency, anemia or alcohol abuse |
| haematocrit in males | forty (40) - fifty two (52) % |
| haematocrit in females | thirty six (36) - forty eight (48) % |
| haemaglobin per L in males | 135-175 g/L |
| haemaglobin per L in females | 115-155 g/L |
| what does CSF stand for | colony-stimulating factors |
| example of CSF and function | granulocyte CSF acts on neutrophil cell line (stimulates production and differentiation of WBCs from marrow) |
| how are CSFs stimulated | infections |
| what are CSFs useful for | increase WBCs counts |
| full blood count | most common blood test, measures RBC, Hb, haematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelet count, WBC count, snapshot of O2 transport + immunity + clotting |
| MCH | mean corpuscular heamaglobin (number of haemaglobin in each RBC) |
| MCHC | mean corpuscular haemaglobin concentration (how concentrated RBC is with haemaglobin) |
| neutrophilia/neutrocytosis | increases neutrophils (infection, trauma + inflammation) |
| philia/cytosis meaning | increased |
| neutropenia | decreased neutrophil (infection + drugs) |
| penia meaning | decreased |
| pancytopenia | reduction in all cell counts |
| thrombocytosis | increased platelets (increased thrombosis risk) |
| thrombocytopenia | decreased platelets (drugs + idiopathic) |
| leucocytosis | increased leucocytes |
| leucopenia | decreased leucocytes |
| eosinophilia | increased eosinophils (allergy + parasites) |
| monocytosis | increased monocytes (infection) |
| lymphocytosis | increased lymphocytes (infection + lymphoma) |
| lymphopenia | decreased lymphocytes (inflammation, lymphoma + steroids) |
| how are blood groups determined | antigens on RBCs + antibodies in plasma |
| A blood | A antigens, anti-B antibodies |
| B blood | B antigens, anti-A antibodies |
| AB blood | AB antigens |
| O blood | no A/B anitgens but has both anti-A+B antibodies |
| universal donor | O Rh -ve (O-) |
| Rh +ve | rhesus factor antigen present on RBC |
| Rh -ve | rhesus factor antigen absent on RBC |
| haemolytic disease of new born treatment | anti-D immunisation and anti-D immunoglobin given after delivery of 1st child, binds to infant cells and prevents mother from making antibodies |
| what haemolytic disease of new born | Rh- mother raises Rh+ infant so mother makes anti-D antibodies which attack infant |
| eGFR | estimated glomerular filtration rate using creatinine clearancehelps identify kidney damage/disease |
| hypokalemia | low potassium: causes weakness, muscle cramps, constipations, caused by diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea and poor intake |
| hyperkalemia | high potassium: causes muscle weakness, paralysis, caused by kidney failure + certain medications eg ACE inhibitors |
| HbA1c | glycated haemoglobin showing average glucose over past few months |
| crp | c-reactive protein |
| what changes does infection bring to crp and neutrophils | infection increases c-reactive protein and neutrophils |
| importance of crp? | indicator of inflammation, detects infections, assess autoimmune + inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular risk marker, monitors treatment response |
| markers of acute infection | (1- increased neutrophils = bacterial infection) (2 - raised CRP = acute inflammation + infection) (3- raised ESR = slower, useful in chronic inflammation) (4- procalcitonin sometimes used in severe infections) |
| esr | erythrocyte sedimentation rate - blood test showing normally RBC clumping at the bottom slowly but in chronic inflammation they clump + settle faster |
| pro-thrombin time | blood test seeing how long blood takes to clot, to detect clotting disorders and monitor warfarin anticoagulant |
| INR | international normalised ratio |
Created by:
kablooey
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