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World Cultures Test1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| why does disease spread in Africa? | living conditions, lack of medicine, lack of funds, large populations |
| endemic | less severe, disease spreads within a region (ex. flu spreads throughout NJ) |
| epidemic | more severe, disease spreads outside a smaller region (ex. flu spreads throughout U.S.) |
| pandemic | most severe, disease spreads globally (ex. COVID) |
| sleeping sickness | parasitic disease transmitted by the tsetse fly that invades the central nervous system (certain flies carry the parasite and transmit it when biting a person), 2 types of disease |
| symptoms of sleeping sickness | inflammation in brain, constant drowsiness, always falling asleep, redness/swelling around bite, fever, headache, sweating, enlarged lymph nodes |
| death from sleeping sickness | if left untreated, death will occur within 6 months due to organ and cardiac failure (50,000 - 60,000 deaths a year) |
| spread of sleeping sickness | it spreads in areas where the parasite is present (millions live in moderate-high risk areas), mother to child transmission (20% of infections are in kids), sexual contact |
| treatments for sleeping sickness | melarsoprol and DFMO (injected arsenic into veins) was replaced with fexinidazole (oral medicine to treat early stages), preventing spread with education/clothing, target spraying for tsetse flies before they breed |
| most impacted countries from sleeping sickness | DRC, South Sudan, Uganda |
| sicknesses found in the U.S. | tuberculosis (stems from the weakened immune system from HIV/AIDS), COVID, HIV/AIDS (1.2 million people today) |
| progress in treating sleeping sickness | public health efforts have led to significant decline in this disease, but it is still endemic |
| malaria | transmitted through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes that inject Plasmodium parasites into bloodstream and multiply into liver and red blood cells, silent tsunami (94% of malaria cases are in Africa, flu symptoms so you don't know you have it) |
| symptoms of malaria | fever, chills, sweating, headache, fatigue, aches, nausea |
| death from malaria | can be fatal if left untreated due to organ failure and invasion into brain, children are most at risk |
| spread of malaria | if an infected person is bitten by another mosquito, that mosquito has the parasite now and can infect others, this is due to poor sanitary conditions and a weak immune system |
| treatment for malaria | ACTs are combination medications that combine 2 or more drugs to kill the parasite in different ways, insecticide-treated nets repel and kill mosquitoes to reduce the chance of bites |
| most impacted countries by malaria | Nigeria, DRC, Uganda |
| progress in treating malaria | expanded use of insecticide-treated nets, rapid diagnostic tests, expanded medication distribution, new vaccines, vector control |
| tuberculosis | caused by a bacteria that affects the lungs and eventually spreads throughout the body, there are 2 types/strains of the disease |
| symptoms of tuberculosis | persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain, fever, chills, fatigue, low appetite, weight loss |
| spread of tuberculosis | spreads through cough, sneezing, speaking, anything airborne |
| most impacted countries by tuberculosis | Nigeria, Mozambique, South Africa, DRC |
| treatment for tuberculosis | vaccines and combination medications/therapies |
| COVID | caused by a viral bacteria |
| symptoms of COVID | fever, chills, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, sore throat, congestion, loss of taste/smell |
| death from COVID | not very fatal in Africa and around the world but greatly impacted those with pre-existing health conditions or no vaccines |
| spread of COVID | spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes or touches a surface/the eyes, nose, and mouth |
| treatment for COVID | vaccines and antiviral medications (Paxlovid) |
| most impacted countries by COVID | South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Nigeria |
| progress in treating tuberculosis | more progress is being made in vaccine development/treatment to combat the different strains |
| progress in treating COVID | African countries took quick preventative action when the virus was spreading in the Americas/Europe (got it after we did), treatments (vaccines/medications) are available but hard to get to those in Africa |
| HIV/AIDS | a virus that damages the cells of the immune system and weakens the ability to fight diseases, started with a monkey |
| symptoms of HIV/AIDs | fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, rash, headache, nausea, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, skin rash |
| death from HIV/AIDS | will lead to death if left untreated, will turn into AIDS which deteriorates the immune system and causes the body to be unable to fight infections/cancers |
| spread of HIV/AIDS | it spreads through the exchange of bodily fluids that contain the virus (blood through sharing needles, sexual activity) |
| treatment for HIV/AIDS | daily pills are the first line of treatment, includes a combination of multiple medications and vaccines; antiretroviral drugs are the second line of treatment |
| best way to prevent HIV/AIDS | spread awareness and educate |
| most impacted countries by HIV/AIDS | South Africa!, Eswatini, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia, ambia, Mozambique (69% of positive cases are in Sub-Saharan Africa) |
| progress in treating HIV/AIDS | creation of Right to Care Clinics that provide robot-administered medication, 40% reduction in cases worldwide, more availability of retroviral drugs |
| if HIV/AIDs was factored into life expectancy... | it would decrease from 67 years to 37 years |
| ebola | carried by a fruit bat and transmitted to humans through eating the infected bat or eating something the bat pooped on, 6 strains |
| spread of ebola | spreads through touching the dead body of someone who died from ebola, direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person/animal |
| death from ebola | it is fatal if left untreated through intestinal bleeding |
| symptoms of ebola | Fever, Headache, Muscle and joint pain, Fatigue, Sore throat, Nausea and vomiting, Diarrhea, Bleeding from the eyes, nose, gums, or mouth, vomiting blood, Diarrhea with blood, Skin rash, Chest pain, Difficulty breathing, Low blood pressure |
| treatment for ebola | vaccines, quarantine, medication, rehydration |
| most impacted countries by ebola | Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea |
| progress in treating ebola | new vaccines that decrease mortality rates, if caught early there is a 90% chance of survival |
| African CDC | created by the African Union to prepare for future disease outbreaks |
| top 3 religions most practice in Africa | Christianity, Islam, traditional African faiths (tribal religion) |
| lip plates | Suri tribe in Ethiopia, part of womens' initiation, used so slave traders didn't take women, sign of beauty to get a dowry at marriage, dying out |
| the Maasai tribe | conflicted between old and modern tribal practices, still uses aspects of both |
| ear gauges | sign of beauty and maturity in men and women (enhances attractiveness), dying out |
| courtship dance | Wodaabe tribe in Niger, women judge/pick men and look for the brightest teeth and eyes, staying around |
| spitting | Maasai tribe in Kenya, serves as a gesture of blessing, respect, and goodwill (opposite of what we think), dying out |
| stick fighting | most controversial tribal practice, Zulu, Mursi, Surma, Maasai tribes in South Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania; type of martial art to prove/show masculinity and skill, dying out |
| tribal masks | most common tribal practice, Nubo, Igbo, Edo tribes in Nigeria, South Africa; the person wearing it represents a spirit and the ancestor spirit possesses the dancer during a birth, death, or celebration, staying around |
| beauty contest | Wodaabe tribe in Niger and Chad, men show off and the women pick the men based off of their characteristics, staying around |
| determinants of tribal lifestyles | environment, locations and natural resources |
| true or false: it was common for tribes to conquer each other | true |
| African tribalism | a group of people who share the same customs and languages, who believe they've descended from a common ancestor |
| how many tribes exist in Africa? | 600-1000 |
| clan | group of related families (tribes are made of clans) |
| punishment for killing or stealing within a tribe | exiled from the tribe |
| difficulties of bringing tribes together in one country | communication barriers voting in elections based on tribal status |
| why are tribes and tribal chiefs slowly decreasing | spread of education more roads more people moving to cities |
| true or false: parents in Africa arrange marriages | true |
| true or false: polygamy is not practiced in africa | false |
| what are the most common official languages of sub Saharan Africa | English or French |
| true or false: most Africans believe in a supreme being (god) as a creator | true |
| true or false: fleegle loves you | TRUE |
| true or false: Africans put a heavy emphasis on ancestor spirits | true |
| where are half of the world's slaves today | india |
| debt bondage slavery (most common type today) | paying off debt with enslavement - work in exchange for $ |
| descent based slavery | child of a former slave, born into slavery |
| forced labors | make slaves work in all conditions and punish them if they try to escape/don't work |
| child slavery situations | fast fashion, mines, prostitution, soldiers |
| human trafficking | people control or exploit others economically |
| when did Mauritania abolish slavery | 1981 - last country to abolish - study notes on this |
| diviners | people who can mediate or communicate with the supreme being |
| true or false: traditional religion is separate from politics and most aspects of everyday living | false |
| top 3 most practiced religions in africa in order | 1. Christianity 2. Islam 3. traditional African faiths (tribal religion) |
| who was exempt from day to day work as a slave | very young children, the elderly, the sick and the infirm (not strong) |
| how many immigrants who camera cross the Atlantic from Africa? | 5.5 million |
| what were profits from the sales of goods in europe cultivated in america used to buy? | to purchase more slaves |
| impact of the cotton gin on slavery | caused slavery to spread into the deep south, cotton farms |
| how many Africans were taken from the continent? | 12.5-15 million |
Created by:
ts2819
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