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WEEK 1:
Health Systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| need | capacity to benefit from healthcare |
| demand | quantity of health services population wants |
| supply | amount of care that can be made available |
| three main functions of health systems | (1- healthcare delivery) (2- fair treatment to all) (3- meeting health expectations of population) |
| 6 building blocks for healthcare service at system level | service delivery, health workforce, health information system, medical products, financing, leadership + governance |
| service delivery | demonstrates quality + access + safety |
| health workforce | management + skills |
| health information system | production + analysis |
| medical products | products are equitable access made cost-effective |
| financing | good funds for health, protect people from financial catastrophe |
| leadership + governance | strategic policy framework + accountability |
| commissioner | decides what services are needed + pays |
| provider | provides services eg hospitals |
| regulator | ensures standards are met eg Care Quality Commission |
| six payment models of healthcare | out of pocket, charity, private health insurance, social health insurance (Bismarck), national health insurance, universal coverage through taxation (Beveridge) |
| define out of pocket payments | consumers directly pay providers for healthcare, no insurance companies involved and doctors/hospitals are private |
| pros of out of pocket payments | treatment is provided to those who pay and consumers have a choice (they can decide what service they want to buy) |
| cons of out of pocket payments | serious illness= cost more, regressive (costs lower income households proportionally more), if urgent then they can't 'shop around' and choose, worsens health inequalities |
| define charity | charities + rich philanthropists provide free healthcare (not for profit) |
| pros of charity | more equitable as treatment is provided to those who cannot pay |
| cons of charity | relies on philanthropy (may not meet demands if charity is better in richer areas = not equitable), service provision decided by charity, may be exclusionary (eg religious charities may not offer contraceptives) |
| impact of new technologies on charity | online crowdfunding |
| define private health insurance | insurance can be bought directly by individual/ employer in an open-market (companies are for profit), hospitals/doctors are private |
| pros of private health insurance | patient choice drives competition, protection against high costs by pooling risk, reduces burden on public finances |
| cons of private health insurance | regressive, administrative costs (figuring out who in company has insurance), some may have bad insurance, worsens health inequalities |
| define social health insurance (Bismarck model) | healthcare paid by non-profit insurance companies in public/private sector, often financed through employees + employers, mandatory, hospitals/ doctors = private |
| pros of social health insurance (Bismarck model) | protection against high costs as pooled risk, equitable access, government ensures universal coverage, choice for patients |
| cons of social health insurance (Bismarck model) | high transaction costs |
| define national health insurance | government = sole insurer, funded by tax, providers are private sector |
| pros of national health insurance | universal coverage, access based on need, fewer inequalities, lower administration costs |
| cons of national health insurance | no consumer choice and no benefits of competition |
| define universal coverage through taxation (Beveridge model) | healthcare paid for and provided by government, financed through tax |
| pros of universal coverage through taxation (Beveridge model) | same pros as national health insurance |
| cons of universal coverage through taxation (Beveridge model) | no consumer choice and no benefits of competition, government needs to get directly involved in service provision (means decisions are more politicised) |
| quasi market | government regulates choice encouraging both consumer choice and competition |
| 42 ICSs established in England have four strategic purposes including | (1- improving population health and healthcare) (2- tackling unequal outcomes + access) (3- enhancing productivity + value for money) (4- helping NHS support broader social + economic development) |
| sustainable healthcare | healthcare meeting needs of the present without compromising ability of others in future |
| forms of sustainability | economic, environmental and social |
| why is sustainability important | less sustainability increases demand on system and makes problem worse |
| what could healthcare systems do to improve sustainability | prevention, social prescribing (connect people to community for support), de-prescribing (reduce/stop giving medications that cause harm or not needed) |
Created by:
kablooey
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