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WEEK 1:

Intro to Cells, Tissues + Organs

QuestionAnswer
peroxisome has many enzymes that get rid of toxic substances in cell
cytoskeleton complex protein filament network extending through cell cytoplasm, made of 3 protein filaments
3 protein filaments making cytoskeleton microfilaments, intermediate filaments + microtubules
cytoskeleton function (4) maintaining cell shape + structure, providing mechanical support, facilitating cell movement + division, transport of molecules + organelles
microfilaments (5) thinnest, made of actin, provide structural support + cell movement + muscle contraction
intermediate filaments (3) middle thickness, made of keratin/vimentin/laminin, provide mechanical strength + stability to withstand mechanical stress
microtubules (6) largest, made of tubulin, form cell structural framework, cell division, intracellular transport of organelles + vesicles, maintain cell shape
smallest- largest microtubules microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
cell junctions specialised cell-cell contacts
gap junctions allow intracellular communication, passage of ions + molecules
tight junctions link cells closely forming barrier preventing passage of molecules + ions
adherens junctions (3) link adjacent cells together via actin cytoskeleton, form belt-like arrangement, link occurs via transmembrane proteins eg cadherins
desmosomes link adjacent cells together via intermediate filaments
hemidesmosomes link intermediate filaments of cell to extracellular matrix/ basal lamina
cadherins transmembrane proteins
order of cell junctions in epithelial sheets tight junction, adherens junction, desmosome, gap junction, hemidesmosome
types of apical specialisations microvilli, cilia, stereocilia, flagella
microvilli (4) cytoplasmic protrusions bound by membrane, villin + fimbrin form filament bundles, calmodulin connects microfilaments to cell membrane, fodrin connects terminal web to intermediate filaments
stereocilia (3) long + immobile protrusions, microfilaments are parallel + connected by a-actinin, eg ductus epididymis + inner ear hair cells
kinocilia (2) mobile cytoplasmic protrusions found outside cell, eg trachea + fallopian tube
cilia (3) made of basal body + transitional part + free part + terminal part, primary cilium ('9+0' microtubule axoneme), motile cilium ('9+2')
cilia structure (2) transition zone = y links connecting proximal axoneme to ciliary membrane, transition fibres connect distal basal body to ciliary membrane
motile cilium (3) ('9+2') microtubule axoneme arrangement, has dynein arms for movement, has radial spoke to regulate motility + motion
cilia movement (2) rapid bending followed by gradual straightening, occurs via temporary connection + displacement between dynein of 2 microtubules = short formation + short disconnection
flagella (3) motile processes covered by cell membrane, ('9+2') axoneme, eg sperm cell
tissue assembly of similar cells from same embryonic origin
3 types of tissue ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
endoderm (2) innermost germ layer formed during embryonic development, eg epithelial lining of digestive tract + liver + pancreas
mesoderm (2) middle germ layer, eg bones + muscles + cartilage + blood cells + connective tissues
ectoderm (2) outermost germ layer, eg nervous system + skin layers + central nervous system (CNS)
basic tissue types epithelia, connective tissues, muscular tissues, nervous tissues
epithelia closely-packed cell sheets covering organ surface
connective tissues cells derived from mesoderm producing ECM of fibres + ground substance
muscular tissues derived from mesoderm, composed of cells whose cytoplasm contains filaments made of contractile proteins (actin + myosin)
nervous tissues from neuro-ectoderm (neurectoderm), made of cells that have neurites (axons + dendrites) to conduct impulses
Created by: kablooey
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