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Chapter 2 AP history
Islam empire
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Umayyad | The Umayyad dynasty (661-750) established after the death of the caliph Ali, solved succession problem.established their capital at Damascus, which helped maintain central control on the Islamic empire. Had a big period of expansion to Spain and India. |
| Abbasid | became when the umayyad dynasty fell to rebels in persia,The rebellion lead by Abu al-abbas . It was cosmopolitan and let conquered people rise to high positions as well as Arabs. It reached is peak under Harun al-Rashid. |
| Harun al-Rashid | Harun al-Rashid was one of the rulers of the Abbasid dynasty. He brought a high point in the dynasty, with Baghdad becoming a center of trade , banking, crafts, and industrial production. He also supported the arts a lot. |
| Ibn Rushd | He was an influential Muslim philosopher who followed Aristotle in trying to rational understanding of the world. It helped shape Islamic philosophy and also came to schools in western Europe with his name as Averroes. |
| Abu al-Abbas | he was distantly related to Muhammad. he allied with the Shias and the Muslims, he is the one who founded the Abbasid dynasty. he was a Sunni Arab, but allied with the Shias and Muslims who were not Arabs in order to get the rule. |
| Muhammad | He was the prophet of Islam, and the one who started the religion after being enlightened. He was a merchant married to a wealthy widow before. |
| Abu Bakr | selected by muhammad’s advisors to be first caliph after Muhamsmad died.He led not as a prophet but as a lieutenent or substitute for Muhammad |
| Khadija | She was Muhammad's wife, and she was well known and wealthy. She was a widow before she married Muhammad. Muhammad gained a place of some prominence from marrying her. |
| Al-Ghazali | He was a sufi muslim who wrote about how the only way you can start to understand and admire the allah’s power and greatness was to study the quran, and that attempting to understand the world through philosophy and science would only lead to confusion. |
| Mecca | Where Muhammad was from and an important place in Arabia. It is where the Hajj is conducted. Muslims have to pray daily in the direction of Mecca. |
| Yathrib (Medina) | Where the prophet Muhammad and his followers migrated to after being persecuted in mecca. When Muhammad migrated there it started the Islamic calendar and it means "the city of the prophet" |
| Damascus | Damascus was a thriving commercial city in syria that became the capital during the umayyad dynasty. |
| Baghdad | The built and chosen as capital of the Abbasid dynasty. it was the center of government and in the center of the city the caliph had a palace. |
| Ka'ba | a main shrine in Mecca, and is the goal of Muslims who embark on the Hajj. It used to be a black rock that used to be seen as the home of a deity, but Muhammad denied that and only let his trusted followers go to it. he pilgrimaged to it later. |
| Hajj | The pilgrimage to Mecca is called the Hajj, and it is one of the five pillars of Islam. |
| Quran | The Quran is an Islamic book that is believed to contain divine revelations of Allah as showed to Muhammad. |
| Madrasas | The madrasas were schools with a higher education of islamic instruction for learning and studying the quran and other texts. |
| Sufism | Group of people focused on deepening their spiritual awareness. very pious and ascetic lives, the spiritual aspect of the religion by rousing sermons, dancing, and singing. They became the best missionaries and helped expand the faith a lot. |
| Hadith | A collection of teachings and sayings from Muhammad and deeds of Muhammad's life. it is seen as a guide for interpretation for the Quran. |
| Caravanserais | Inns that offered lodging and had food, water, and animal care for merchants. A lot of great cities in central asia and the islamic world had them as camel transport and overland trade became more popular. |
| qadis | The qadis were judges who worked in law. They heard whatever issue and decided what to do based on the Quran and sharia. |
| Sharia | The Islamic holy law, it was made by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life. It has developed into a way of life with ethical and social values that people follow. |
| Ulama | They were the entire community of muslim believers that made up the faith worldwide. |
| Sunni | They believe in the early caliphs, and are against the idea that only a descendant of Ali could lead. |
| Shia | They were against the Sunni and believed that only a descendent of Ali should rule. These were a smaller group though. |
| Bedouins | nomadic peoples, kept herds, traveled throug deserts. survived by supporting/relying on each other in times of need.caused tribesdevelop a strong sense of loyaltyto each other. when muhammad died, renounced their faith when prophet died, abu bakr won |
| Gadis | - young unmarried female |
| What does dar al-Islam mean, and to what does the term refer? | Dar al-Islam means "the house of Islam", and is used as a word for the Islamic world and lands under Islamic rule. |
| How did the Bedouin survive in the harsh conditions of the Arabian desert? | The Bedouin were nomadic peoples who kept herds. They survived by having heavy support and reliance on each other in times of need. This also caused the tribes to develop a strong sense of loyalty to each other. |
| By what routes did goods travel to and from Arabia, making it an important link in the era’s long-distance trade networks? | Routes traveled from ports of the Persian gulf, the Arabian sea, and the red sea. they also traveled on land to Palmyra or Damascus. Arabia was an important link between china and India in the south, and Persia and Byzantium in the west. |
| What did Muhammad’s marriage to Khadija provide? | Because Khadija was wealthy and respected, he gained a place of some prominence in Meccan society, helping his name get known even slightly. |
| What religions were predominant in Arabia around 600 AD? | Polytheistic religions mostly made up the population, but there was also Jewish merchants and some Arabs converting to Christianity. Muhammad was familiar with the traditions because he was a merchant. |
| What convictions was Muhammad left with after his spiritual transformation? | left him with the convictions that there was only one deity, Allah, that Allah ruled the universe, that to worship other, 'false' gods was wicked, and that soon, Allah would bring judgment and punish the wicked and reward the righteous. |
| What is the dual role played by the Quran? | The Quran both serves as Muhammad's understanding of Allah and his plan, and as authority for Islamic religious doctrine and social organization. |
| How is the Hadith used in conjunction with the Quran? | The Hadith is a collection of sayings of Muhammad and the accounts of his deeds. The Hadith is seen as a sort of guide for the interpretation of the Quran, so it is used in conjunction with the Quran. |
| What were the two principle reasons the ruling elites of Mecca disapproved of Muhammad and his teachings? | mainly polytheistic people, they saw his insistence on how there was only one true God as offensive, and how the elites saw it as a direct threat to their power and position when they heard him say greed was a wickedness Allah would punish them for. |
| What was the result of Muhammad’s continued condemnation of idolatry? | His idea of idolatry as bad served as an economic threat to people who kept and got money from shrines to deities that merchants would often visit. Because of this, the ruling elites started to persecute Muhammad and his growing group of followers. |
| What is the significance of the hijra? | The hijra was the migration where Muhammad fled to Medina and joined a group of his followers there. It was significant because his move represents the starting point in the official Islamic calendar. |
| After the move to Medina, what role did Muhammad play within his new community? | After his move, Muhammad started to act as the head of his small society. He provided both religious and practical guidance. |
| How did Muhammad deal with the words of the Jewish and Christian prophets that came before him? | Muhammad held Jewish and Christian prophets in high esteem, and believed that all monotheistic people shared Allah as their God, but he also saw his message as a more complete revelation of Allah and his plan. He saw himself as the final prophet. |
| What did Muhammad do upon his return to Mecca? | They forced the elites to convert to Muhammad's faith, destroyed all pagan shrines, and replaced them with mosques. |
| Why did they spare the Ka'ba? | They chose to keep the Ka'ba shrine as a symbol of Mecca's greatness, and he only let the faithful approach the shrine. Muhammad actually led the first pilgrimage to mecca and they stopped at the rock. |
| what is the 1 pillar of islam (shahada) | is the word for declaration of faith in the only god, Allah, and that Allah’s prophet is Muhammad. |
| Waht is the 2 pillar of islam (salat) | The word translates to "prayer" or "supplication." It is seen as the act of worship and prayer towards Allah. |
| what is the 3 pillar of islam (Zakah) | It is a religious obligation that muslims who are financially able have to donate and be charitable to those in need. |
| what is the 4 pillar of islam (siyam) | The literal translation of the word means “to abstain” Muslims are to abstain from all things forbidden during the fast from dawn to sunset. |
| what is the 5 pillar of islam (hajj) | the pilgrimage to Mecca that muslims are required to make at least once in their life. |
| What are the three possible interpretations of jihad? | imposing spiritual and moral obligations by fight against vice & evil, a call to struggle against ignorance by spreading word &converting people to the faith.how they have to take up sword & fight in war against unbelievers who threaten Islam. |
| What role did the sharia play in the Islamic faith? | Islamic holy law that was made by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life. It has developed into a way of life with ethical and social values that people follow. It has things about crime, marriage, family, slavery, and other things. |
| What role did the caliphs fill after Muhammad’s death? | Muhammad did not pick anyone to take over control. After a short while, Caliphs were chosen to act as lieutenants or substitutes for Muhammad to lead the umma, not as prophets because Muhammad was the final prophet. |
| What two elements gave Muslim armies the advantage they needed when invading larger empires? | The leaders forged their people into something unified by their allegiance to Islam. The armies chose when to attack strategically, planning to strike when the byzantine and Sassanian empires were exhausted from their conflicts with each other. |
| What area of disagreement led to the emergence of the Shia sect? | Ali was caliph, but he(related to muhammad) was assassinated while praying. The people who supported Ali got fed up and created the Shia sect that says only Ali's descendants could be caliph. They did not accept the victorious faction. |
| Why did the Umayyad choose Damascus as their capital city? | They chose Damascus as their capital because it was a prominent commercial city in Syria, and because it helped them maintain better communication with the Islamic empire. |
| What Umayyad political policy caused tension within the empire? | policy towards conquered peoples where people who were conquered were treated much nastier than the Arabs. This was bad because most of the empire was people from other places, and these people started to get angry about the unfair treatment. |
| How did the Umayyad treat the ethnic minorities within their empire? | They allowed people of other religions to keep their religions, but if they did it came with a special head tax called the jizya on those who did not convert to Islam. They were not able to have wealth or positions of authority even if they converted. |
| What ultimately brought about the Umayyad downfall? | the Umayyad caliphs started to not care about leading, and they started to be casual with attitudes of Islamic doctrine & morality. faced the resistance of Shia, conquered peoples in the empire, and the disappointment of Muslim Arab military leaders. |
| In what two ways did the Abbasid dynasty differ from the Umayyad dynasty? | much more cosmopolitan and how it was not a conquering Dynasty. the Abbasid did not show special favor to the Arabs, had Persians, Egyptians, and Mesopotamians in positions of wealth & power. |
| Whose administration techniques did the Abbasid’s emulate? | They used Mesopotamian and Persian techniques of administration, where rulers devised policies, built capital cities to see over affairs, and organized territories through regional governors and bureaucracies. |
| How did the ulama and qadis set moral standards and resolve disputes? | Ulamas were people with religious knowledge, and qadis were judges. The qadis heard the issues at law and decided based on the Quran and sharia. the ulama were scholars who sought to develop public policy in accordance to the Quran and sharia. |
| What other political attributes did the Abbasid have in common with the Persian Empire? | similar monarchy structure where kings were recognized as the people with absolute power, but also as benevolent and knowledgeable rulers. They also took inspiration from the Persian empire when creating their armies and military structure. |
| Why is Harun al-Rashid’s reign considered the high-point of the Abbasid dynasty? | under his rule, Baghdad had a lot of wealth & a center of banking, commerce, crafts, and industrial production. In that time, the arts also flourished because Harun al-Rashid heavily supported artists and writers, giving gifts to his favorites. |
| After the 1050s, who was the true source of power in the Abbasid Empire? | After the 1050s, when the Seljuqs (nomads from central Asia) effectively controlled the empire, the Seljuq sultan was the true source of power in the Abbasid empire. |
| How did the Muslims bring about cultural diffusion within their empire and outside of it? | Cultural diffusion spread a lot through trade in the zone of trade in India to Iberia. Also, they spread through missionary, and conquest of other people's, and other peoples migration to Mecca. |
| What are some of the crops that the Muslims spread? | Sugarcane, rice, sorghum and wheat, spinach, artichokes, eggplants, oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons, cotton, and mangoes were discovered by people traveling through dar al Islam, and they took these crops and transplanted them. |
| What role did the road system play in the political health of the region? | The dynasty restored the Silk Roads and other networks that were originally built.politically because they had more centralized control, could get information to places efficiently in huge empire, empire more cohesive, easier for expansion. |
| ,What role did the road system play in the commercial health of the region? | commercially because a lot of merchants could come and trade on the roads, so it made a lot of money. |
| ,What role did the road system play in the military health of the region? | it helped the military because they had more centralized military commend, could get information and supplies across faster,and had easy routes to travel to reach their destination. |
| What nautical innovations increased the volume of maritime trade and from whom did the Muslims acquire them? | They borrowed the compasses from Chinese inventors, they borrowed the triangular lateen sail from Asian and Indian mariners,and they borrowed the astrolabe, something to calculate latitude, from the Hellenistic Mediterranean. |
| What did each of these advancements help them to do? | more trading because maritime trade & roads, empire became prosperous from merchants & there were new things to trade for. The agricultural advancements = have more food. not for survival, but they started to focus on working to make the empire thrive. |
| What kinds of services were offered by Islamic banks? | They lent money to entrepreneurs and acted as brokers for investments and exchanged different currencies. They had a far more extensive ways that banks could be used for than the Ummayads. They also had checks called sakks. |
| What did Abbasid entrepreneurs do to limit risk in business ventures? | Entrepreneurs often chose to either invest their money in an enterprise or call for the partners to take roles in helping their business ideas. |
| What were the three key factors in the revival of long distance trade in the Islamic world? | improved transportation(boats,camels, ect),expanded banking services bc they could just use letters or credit instead of carrying change & increased volume of trade = refinements in techniques of business organization especially for entrepreneurs. |
| What provisions from the Quran reinforced male dominance? | Quran said that the descent came from male line, & to guarantee proper inheritance high premium was placed on genealogical purity. so legitimacy of the heirs kept, social and sexual lives of women were controlled by father or husband. women 1 & men 4 |
| From what conquered regions did Islam adopt the practice of veiling women? | They took the practice from the Mesopotamian, so women had to wear a veil to be modest and had to only go out in the company of servants chaperones so they didn't attract the attention of men. |
| How did al-Ghazali feel about the new scientific movement during this era? | He wrote how if you attempt to understand the world&God&life, you will only become more confused.he thought science and&philosophy,& he believed that the only way to start to understand allahs power would be through study of the quran and other texts. |
| Describe why Sufis were especially effective as missionaries. | passionate about duty, and they also were respecting of people of diff beliefs in way that encouraged to worship Allah in their own ways. kind, holy, tolerant, and charismatic, let them encourage a lot of people they met with to join the religion. |
| Why did the Abbasid caliphs encourage observance of the hajj? | As leaders of a cohesive Islamic community, they saw it as a policy and their duty to create a more culturally united realm, and by doing this they did. |
| What role did the Persians play in the political and cultural development of Islam? | Persian land fell in rule of Islam, and bc it hadsomuch culture a lot of it spread into Islam. used Persian administrating techniques, & Persian view of kings as absolute rulers. was lot of Persian literature, poetry,they were not written in Arabic. |
| What elements did the Muslims adapt from the Indian culture? | adoptedmath&science fromindian culture, hindi numbers, which let them develop algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and figured out precise astronomical calculations were advanced for that time.adopted medicines bc specific treatments&antidotes for poisons. |
| What role did Ibn Rashid play in medieval scholasticism? | wrote about trying to find a rational understanding of the world. made important breakthroughs in philosophy, theology, medicine, astrology, mathematics, and other sciences. studied in schools Western Europe as Averroes, |
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