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digestive/urinary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| • Food enters the mouth—also called the oral cavity—which receives nutrients and prepares them for | digestion |
| The first step of digestion is called | mastication |
| • Physically breaking down large food particles into smaller pieces is called | mechanical digestion |
| • Saliva is a substance composed mostly of | water |
| the chemical breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the cells can absorb and utilize | • Chemical digestion |
| • During swallowing, the tongue pushes nutrients into the | pharynx |
| Peristalsis moves nutrients down the esophagus into the stomach through a muscular valve called the | cardiac sphincter, which controls the entrance to the stomach |
| muscular pouchlike sac in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity | • The stomach |
| contain strong acids that kill most microorganisms in the nutrients that have been eaten | Gastric juices |
| partially digested food is mixed and churned with gastric juices to form a semi-liquid substance called | chyme |
| • Each kidney has about a million tiny___________, which are the filtering units of the kidney | nephrons |
| • The actual production of urine is a process known as | diuresis, |
| A cluster of capillaries, called the glomerulus, is contained in this capsule | Bowman’s capsule |
| • Urine is transported from the kidneys to | the bladder through the ureters by muscular peristalsis |
| The opening at the end of the urethra is called | the meatus |
| the act of expelling stomach contents through the mouth | • Vomiting (emesis) |
| The muscle band at the end of the esophagus and the start of the stomach relaxes at inappropriate times, allowing the stomach acids to go up the esophagus. Clients may refer to it as “heartburn,” | • Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
| as a result of persistent liver disease. Liver tissue is gradually replaced by scar tissue, which affects liver function. It is most commonly caused by alcoholism and hepatitis C virus. | • Cirrhosis |
| an inborn metabolic disorder that results in the inability to tolerate gluten protein. | • Celiac disease |
| a disorder of the bowel characterized by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. | • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
| is an inflammation (itis) of the colon (col). Signs and symptoms of colitis include fever, pain, abdominal tenderness, rectal bleeding, and ulcerations in the colon. | colitis |
| a persistent, inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that is characterized by flare-ups and periods of remission | • Crohn’s disease |
| is very common in older persons. It is characterized by the development of small pouches that bulge outward through weak spots in the colon | • Diverticular disease |
| ). Each pouch is called a diverticulum (diverticulare means “turn inside out”). The condition of having these pouches is called | diverticulosis (osis means “condition of”). |
| these are common, and infection in one area of the urinary system can lead to infection of the entire urinary system | • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) |
| Oliguria | scant (olig) urine (uria) |
| • • Dysuria | difficult or painful (dys) urination (uria) |
| Hematuria | blood (hemat) in the urine (uria) |
| Pyria | pus (py) in the urine (uria) |
| • Renal calculi are | kidney stones |
| occurs when the kidneys do not function or are severely impaired. When the kidneys fail, waste products are not removed from blood, and the body retains fluids. | • Renal failure (kidney failure) |
| • Acute renal failure | occurs suddenly after severely decreased blood flow to the kidneys caused by severe bleeding, heart attack, CHF, burns, infections. Acute renal failure is usually a temporary condition |
| chronic renal failure | the kidneys cannot meet the body’s needs. The nephrons of the kidneys are destroyed over many years. There is no cure; in the early stages, however, diet therapy, fluid restriction, and medications may slow kidney damage. |
| • catheterization | The process of inserting a catheter |
| • condom catheter | A sheath that slides over the penis; tubing connects the catheter and drainage bag |
| • dysuria | Painful or difficult (dys) urination (uria). |
| • functional incontinence | Urinary incontinence caused by physical conditions or environmental barriers that prevent the client from reaching the toilet in time |
Created by:
ReneeStewart
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