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Chaoter 8: Senses
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Special senses | Senses that involve specialized receptors for specific stimuli, including sight and hearing. |
| Chemical receptors | Receptors that respond to chemical stimuli, involved in senses like smell and taste. |
| Physical receptors | Receptors that respond to physical stimuli, such as light and sound. |
| Orbit | Bony cavity (socket) that houses the eyeball. |
| Extraocular muscles | Muscles within the orbit but outside the eyeball that move the eyes. |
| Eyebrows | Crescent-shaped line of hairs on the superior edge of the orbit. |
| Eyelids | Movable upper and lower folds that cover the surface of the eyeballs when they close. |
| Eyelashes | Stiff hairs projecting from eyelid margins. |
| Conjunctiva | Mucous membrane that lines the anterior surface of the eyeball and the underside of the eyelid. |
| Lacrimal glands | Glands that secrete tears to cleanse and moisten the eyeball surface. |
| Lacrimal sac | Structure that stores tears. |
| Lacrimal ducts | Channels that carry tears to the eyes. |
| Nasolacrimal ducts | Ducts that carry tears from lacrimal glands to the nose. |
| Sclera | White of the eye; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and extends from cornea to optic nerve. |
| Cornea | Transparent portion of the eye that provides most of its optical power. |
| Choroid | Opaque layer of the eye that contains vessels supplying blood to the eye. |
| Ciliary body | Thickened portion between choroid and iris. |
| Lens | Transparent structure posterior to the pupil that bends and focuses light rays on the retina. |
| Iris | Pigmented muscular ring that surrounds and controls the size of the pupil. |
| Pupil | Opening in the middle of the iris through which light enters the eye. |
| Retina | Contains visual receptors (rods and cones) for processing light. |
| Optic nerve | Carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain to provide the sense of sight. |
| Photoreceptors | Specialized visual receptor cells in the retina. |
| Rods | Black and white receptors in dim light. |
| Cones | Color receptors in the retina. |
| Fovea centralis | Point in the center of the retina responsible for sharp vision. |
| Optic disc | Area where nerve fibers from the retina converge to form the optic nerve. |
| Refraction | Bending of light rays as they pass through different media. |
| Accommodation | Automatic adjustment of the eye's focus. |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness, a condition where distant objects are seen clearly but close ones are not. |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness, a condition where close objects are seen clearly but distant ones are not. |
| Presbyopia | Farsightedness caused by aging. |
| Astigmatism | Irregularity of the curve of the cornea or lens that distorts light entering the eye. |
| Conjunctivitis | Inflammation of the conjunctiva, commonly known as pinkeye. |
| Keratitis | Inflammation of the cornea related to corneal scratch or damage. |
| Dacryocystitis | Inflamed lacrimal sac. |
| Blepharoptosis | Drooping of the eyelid. |
| Ectropion | Turning outward of the eyelid. |
| Entropion | Turning inward of the eyelid. |
| Hordeolum | Infection of the oil gland of the eyelash, commonly known as a sty. |
| Xerophthalmia | Dry eyes, a condition characterized by insufficient moisture. |
| Glaucoma | Increased intraocular pressure that can damage the optic nerve. |
| Cataract | Cloudiness or opacity of the lens. |
| Ophthalmoscope | Instrument used to examine the interior of the eye through the pupil |
| Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) | Procedure to correct vision problems. |
| Scleral buckle | Permanent silicone band that attaches to the scleral periphery behind the eye, pulling the retina together. |
| Ophthalmology | Study of the eye. |
| Ophthalmologist | Medical doctor who provides eye care, including examinations, prescribing corrective lenses, and performing surgery. |
| Optometrist | Doctor of optometry (O.D.) who examines eyes and prescribes corrective lenses. |
| Optician | Technician who fills eyeglass prescriptions and dispenses eyewear. |
| Auricle | Outer part of the ear. |
| External acoustic meatus | Passageway leading to the eardrum. |
| Tympanic membrane | Eardrum that vibrates in response to sound waves. |
| Ceruminous glands | Glands that secrete cerumen (earwax). |
| Tympanic cavity | Cavity containing auditory ossicles (bones) and associated muscles. |
| Auditory ossicles | Three small bones: malleus, incus, stapes—sometimes referred to as hammer, anvil, stirrup. |
| Cochlea | Part of the inner ear that changes sound waves to nerve impulses that the brain can process. |
| Impacted cerumen | A condition where earwax builds up and causes blockage. |
| Otalgia | Pain in the ear. |
| Conductive hearing loss | Hearing loss caused by problems in the outer or middle ear. |
| Sensorineural hearing loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. |
| Presbycusis | Hearing loss associated with aging. |
| Anacusis | Total deafness. |
| Otitis externa | Inflammation of the outer ear. |
| Otitis media | Inflammation of the middle ear. |
| Otitis interna | Inflammation of the inner ear. |
| Myringitis | Inflammation of the tympanic membrane. |
| Mastoiditis | Inflammation of the mastoid process. |
| Labyrinthitis | Inflammation of the inner ear labyrinth. |
| Otosclerosis | Abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. |
| Ménière's syndrome | Disorder of the inner ear causing vertigo and hearing loss. |
| Vertigo | A sensation of spinning or dizziness. |
| Tinnitus | Ringing or buzzing noise in the ears. |
| Otoplasty | Surgical repair of the auricle of the ear. |
| Mastoidectomy | Surgical removal of the mastoid process of the temporal bone. |
| Myringectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the tympanic membrane. |
| Audiology | Specialty dealing with hearing and hearing disorders. |
| Audiologist | Specialist who measures hearing and treats hearing impairments. |
| Otology | Study of the ear |
| Otorhinolaryngologist | Physician specializing in diagnosis and treatment of diseases involving the ear, nose, and throat. |
Created by:
joannasarai
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