Question 1

Mental Health

Accepted Answer

- a state of mind in which a person
copes with and adjusts to the stressors of everyday
living in socially acceptable ways.

Question 2

Mental Health Disorder

Accepted Answer

- a disturbance in a person’s
ability to cope with or adjust to stress, affecting the
person’s thinking, mood, or behaviours and impairing
functioning; also known as mental illness, mental
disorder, emotional illness, or psychiatric disorder.

Question 3

Stigma

Accepted Answer

is social shame associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person, such as “the
stigma of a mental health disorder.”

Question 4

Behavior

Accepted Answer

the way a person acts or conducts themselves

Question 5

Behavior expressions

Accepted Answer

AKA responsive behaviours; behaviours, gestures,
actions, and words that usually originate as a response to an illness, infection, or
physical discomfort.

Question 6

ABC’s of Behavior

Accepted Answer

Antecedents - what is happening before the behaviour occurred?
● Behaviour - what exactly is the client doing? Describe the behaviour - be specific!
● Consequences - what are the consequences for staff, the client and other clients?

Question 7

A need is

Accepted Answer

something that is necessary or desirable for
maintaining life and psychosocial well-being.

Question 8

Our basic needs

Accepted Answer

must be met in order for individuals to focus on satisfying higher level needs, to
be able to rest and feel comfortable.

Question 9

Unmet needs

Accepted Answer

can result in behavior expressions, especially in individuals who struggle to
effectively communicate.

Question 10

Examples of unmet needs

Accepted Answer

being hungry or thirsty; not understanding what is happening;
needing to void; being in pain; socialization; inadequate personal hygiene;

Question 11

Common Behavior Triggers

Accepted Answer

Environment - temperature; proximity; noise; brightness
● Person - physically; cognitively; emotionally
● Social - person; family; care team

Question 12

Behavior

Accepted Answer

The client demonstrating behavior expressions or
responsive behaviors are responding to something in
their internal or external environment.

Question 13

Behavior expression -

Accepted Answer

wandering; walking away;
not engaging

Question 14

Unsafe behavior expression

Accepted Answer

striking; throwing;
kicking

Question 15

Verbal expressions

Accepted Answer

yelling; cursing

Question 16

Defuse

Accepted Answer

- to calm a dangerous or tense
situation.

Question 17

De-escalation

Accepted Answer

- methods or actions
taken to reduce conflict.

Question 18

Safe Intervention Strategies

Accepted Answer

De-fusing
● De-escalation
● Distraction / Diversion
● Verbal and non-verbal communication
● Visual supports (eg. visual schedule, picture)
● Environmental modifications

Question 19

Principles of Mental Health Care

Accepted Answer

1. Follow the care plan
2. Do no harm
3. Accept each client as a whole person
4. Be patient and supportive
5. Develop mutual trust
6. Explore behaviours and emotions
7. Observe the client carefully
8. Encourage responsibility
9. Encourage effective adaptation
10. Provide consistency

Question 20

Addiction

Accepted Answer

the deliberate misuse of an inability to stop the use of a substance;
behavior that is out of control in some way

Question 21

Addictive behavior - presence of the 4 Cs:

Accepted Answer

Craving
○ Loss of Control of amount or frequency of use
○ Compulsion to use
○ Use despite Consequences

Question 22

Drug withdrawal

Accepted Answer

a physical reaction that occurs when the person stops taking the
substance.

Question 23

Signs and symptoms of withdrawal

Accepted Answer

Depression
○ Agitation
○ Abdominal cramps
○ Nausea
○ Diarrhea
○ Painful muscle spasms

Question 24

Detoxification

Accepted Answer

- a process of allowing an abused substance to exit the body naturally or of
removing the abused substance from the body mechanically. Detox usually requires
hospital care.

Question 25

Transitions & Life Changes

Accepted Answer

Loss of a spouse
● Loss of independence
● Relocation to Long-Term Care
● Medical diagnosis

Question 26

Mental Health Disorders

Accepted Answer

Anxiety Disorders; Panic Disorder & Phobic Disorder
● Depressive Disorders; Major Depressive Disorder & Seasonal Affective Disorder
● Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
● Eating Disorders; Anorexia & Bulimia Nervosa, & Pica

Question 27

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Accepted Answer

A need is something that is necessary or desirable for maintaining life and psychosocial
well-being. Certain basic needs must be met for a person to survive and function.
Lower-level needs are generally met before higher-level needs. However, needs may be
ignored to satisfy another need or during times of poor health when the individual is not
capable of meeting their own needs.

Question 28

Developmental disorders and disabilities include,

Accepted Answer

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders
• Autism spectrum disorder
• Cerebral palsy
• Down syndrome
• Epilepsy
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
• Intellectual disabilities
• Spina bifida

Question 29

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD)

Accepted Answer

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) causes inappropriate levels of
inattention, as well as hyperactive and impulsive behaviour. ADHD is one of the most
common childhood disorders, along with attention-deficit disorder (ADD). The two
disorders are grouped together within the same category because of the similarities
between symptoms.

Question 30

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Accepted Answer

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a
person’s ability to communicate and interact with others. Autos means “self,” and the
client with ASD withdraws into the self.

Question 31

Cerebral Palsy

Accepted Answer

Cerebral palsy (CP), a disorder affecting muscle control (palsy), is caused by an injury
or abnormality in the motor region of the brain (cerebral).

Question 32

Down Syndrome

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome (DS) is a disorder caused by an extra chromosome, so the affected
person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46. It occurs because of an error at fertilization
and is a congenital (present at birth) condition.

Question 33

Epilepsy

Accepted Answer

Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent (occurring repeatedly from time to
time) seizures (epilepsia means “seizure”). A seizure is a brief disturbance in the brain’s
normal electrical function, which affects awareness, movement, and sensation.

Question 34

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Accepted Answer

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a group of physical and mental
abnormalities that occur in a child as a result of alcohol consumption by the birth parent
during pregnancy.

Question 35

Intellectual Disabilities

Accepted Answer

An intellectual disability (cognitive disability) is an impaired ability to learn and results in
below-average intelligence and limitations in the ability to function in certain areas of
daily life.

Question 36

Spina Bifida

Accepted Answer

Spina bifida is a congenital disorder caused by improper closing of the spine before
birth (spina means “backbone,” and bifida means “split in two parts”).

Question 37

Disorientation

Accepted Answer

also called confusion, refers to an impaired ability to recall people, time,
or places as a result (or any combination) of physiological changes to the brain, a
disease process, or substance-induced factors.

Question 38

Delirium-

Accepted Answer

Disorientation that occurs suddenly is called delirium—a condition of severe
disorientation and rapid changes in brain function. It is usually caused by a treatable
physical or mental health disorder; it is often temporary and disappears once the illness
has been treated.

Question 39

Dementia

Accepted Answer

is a general term that describes the progressive loss of brain functions,
including cognitive and social functions. It is not a single disease but a group of
illnesses that involve memory, behavior, learning, decision making, and
communication. Dementia is not a normal part of aging.

Question 40

Managing Responsive Behaviors

Accepted Answer

Responsive behaviours usually originate as a response to an illness, infection, or
physical discomfort. They are, therefore, often referred to as responsive behaviours.
all caregivers to try to
understand these behaviours and to try to remedy the situation, following the DIPPS
principles (dignity, independence, individualized care, privacy, preferences, and safety).

Question 41

seizure

Accepted Answer

Brief disturbance in the brain’s normal electrical function; affects awareness, movement, and sensation.

Question 42

A disability

Accepted Answer

any loss (or absence) of physical or mental function

Question 43

Spastic

Accepted Answer

means uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles

Question 44

Monoplegia

Accepted Answer

mono means “one.” This type of CP is a paralysis of a single limb, usually an arm.

Question 45

Hemiplegia

Accepted Answer

hemi means “half”; plegia means “complete or partial loss of ability to move.” CP affects one side of the body—the right arm and leg or the left arm and leg.

Question 46

Diplegia

Accepted Answer

di means “two.” With diplegia, there is a loss of ability to move (plegia) corresponding parts on both (di) sides of the body.

Question 47

affect

Accepted Answer

A person’s feelings, emotions, and moods and the way the person demonstrates them.

Question 48

compulsion

Accepted Answer

The uncontrollable urge to perform an act.

Question 49

delusion

Accepted Answer

A fixed, false belief that is not based on reality.

Question 50

hallucination

Accepted Answer

Seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting, or feeling something that is not real.

Question 51

obsession

Accepted Answer

A persistent thought or desire

Question 52

paranoia

Accepted Answer

Extreme suspicion about a person or a situation.

Question 53

psychosis

Accepted Answer

A mental state in which a person’s perception of reality is impaired.

Question 54

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Accepted Answer

An extremely complex group of mental health disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbances in thinking, and withdrawal from social activity.

Question 55

stigma

Accepted Answer

Social shame associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.

Question 56

Causes of Mental Health Disorders

Accepted Answer

Biological factors. Childhood experiences, Social and cultural factors, Stressful life events

Question 57

acquired brain injury (ABI)

Accepted Answer

is any type of sudden injury or illness that causes temporary or permanent damage to the brain.

Question 58

Anxiety disorders

Accepted Answer

a group of mental health disorders whose main symptom is extreme anxiety, with fears and worries so disproportionate to the situation as to affect normal functioning.

Question 59

Anxiety

Accepted Answer

a vague, uneasy feeling in response to stress.

Question 60

Phobia

Accepted Answer

means fear, panic, or dread. A person with a phobic disorder has intense fear of a particular thing or situation.

Question 61

Bipolar and related disorders

Accepted Answer

formerly known as manic-depressive illness, are a group of related brain disorders that cause unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function, different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through

Question 62

Depressive disorders

Accepted Answer

are a group of disorders in which the client has sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical changes and thought changes that are severe enough to affect the client’s ability to function.

Question 63

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Accepted Answer

a type of depression that occurs each year at the same time, usually starting in fall or winter and ending in spring or early summer.

Question 64

anorexia nervosa

Accepted Answer

Feeding and eating disorders usually occur in young people and may signal a much deeper, more complex psychological issue, whereas an older person may refuse to eat because of a fear of choking, a sick feeling, depression, or a dislike for the texture or taste of the food.

sept. 24 test

test

Term	Definition
Mental Health	- a state of mind in which a person copes with and adjusts to the stressors of everyday living in socially acceptable ways.
Mental Health Disorder	- a disturbance in a person’s ability to cope with or adjust to stress, affecting the person’s thinking, mood, or behaviours and impairing functioning; also known as mental illness, mental disorder, emotional illness, or psychiatric disorder.
Stigma	is social shame associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person, such as “the stigma of a mental health disorder.”
Behavior	the way a person acts or conducts themselves
Behavior expressions	AKA responsive behaviours; behaviours, gestures, actions, and words that usually originate as a response to an illness, infection, or physical discomfort.
ABC’s of Behavior	Antecedents - what is happening before the behaviour occurred? ● Behaviour - what exactly is the client doing? Describe the behaviour - be specific! ● Consequences - what are the consequences for staff, the client and other clients?
A need is	something that is necessary or desirable for maintaining life and psychosocial well-being.
Our basic needs	must be met in order for individuals to focus on satisfying higher level needs, to be able to rest and feel comfortable.
Unmet needs	can result in behavior expressions, especially in individuals who struggle to effectively communicate.
Examples of unmet needs	being hungry or thirsty; not understanding what is happening; needing to void; being in pain; socialization; inadequate personal hygiene;
Common Behavior Triggers	Environment - temperature; proximity; noise; brightness ● Person - physically; cognitively; emotionally ● Social - person; family; care team
Behavior	The client demonstrating behavior expressions or responsive behaviors are responding to something in their internal or external environment.
Behavior expression -	wandering; walking away; not engaging
Unsafe behavior expression	striking; throwing; kicking
Verbal expressions	yelling; cursing
Defuse	- to calm a dangerous or tense situation.
De-escalation	- methods or actions taken to reduce conflict.
Safe Intervention Strategies	De-fusing ● De-escalation ● Distraction / Diversion ● Verbal and non-verbal communication ● Visual supports (eg. visual schedule, picture) ● Environmental modifications
Principles of Mental Health Care	1. Follow the care plan 2. Do no harm 3. Accept each client as a whole person 4. Be patient and supportive 5. Develop mutual trust 6. Explore behaviours and emotions 7. Observe the client carefully 8. Encourage responsibility 9. Encourage effective adaptation 10. Provide consistency
Addiction	the deliberate misuse of an inability to stop the use of a substance; behavior that is out of control in some way
Addictive behavior - presence of the 4 Cs:	Craving ○ Loss of Control of amount or frequency of use ○ Compulsion to use ○ Use despite Consequences
Drug withdrawal	a physical reaction that occurs when the person stops taking the substance.
Signs and symptoms of withdrawal	Depression ○ Agitation ○ Abdominal cramps ○ Nausea ○ Diarrhea ○ Painful muscle spasms
Detoxification	- a process of allowing an abused substance to exit the body naturally or of removing the abused substance from the body mechanically. Detox usually requires hospital care.
Transitions & Life Changes	Loss of a spouse ● Loss of independence ● Relocation to Long-Term Care ● Medical diagnosis
Mental Health Disorders	Anxiety Disorders; Panic Disorder & Phobic Disorder ● Depressive Disorders; Major Depressive Disorder & Seasonal Affective Disorder ● Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder ● Eating Disorders; Anorexia & Bulimia Nervosa, & Pica
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	A need is something that is necessary or desirable for maintaining life and psychosocial well-being. Certain basic needs must be met for a person to survive and function. Lower-level needs are generally met before higher-level needs. However, needs may be ignored to satisfy another need or during times of poor health when the individual is not capable of meeting their own needs.
Developmental disorders and disabilities include,	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders • Autism spectrum disorder • Cerebral palsy • Down syndrome • Epilepsy • Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders • Intellectual disabilities • Spina bifida
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD)	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) causes inappropriate levels of inattention, as well as hyperactive and impulsive behaviour. ADHD is one of the most common childhood disorders, along with attention-deficit disorder (ADD). The two disorders are grouped together within the same category because of the similarities between symptoms.
Autism Spectrum Disorder	Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a person’s ability to communicate and interact with others. Autos means “self,” and the client with ASD withdraws into the self.
Cerebral Palsy	Cerebral palsy (CP), a disorder affecting muscle control (palsy), is caused by an injury or abnormality in the motor region of the brain (cerebral).
Down Syndrome	Down syndrome (DS) is a disorder caused by an extra chromosome, so the affected person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46. It occurs because of an error at fertilization and is a congenital (present at birth) condition.
Epilepsy	Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent (occurring repeatedly from time to time) seizures (epilepsia means “seizure”). A seizure is a brief disturbance in the brain’s normal electrical function, which affects awareness, movement, and sensation.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)	Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a group of physical and mental abnormalities that occur in a child as a result of alcohol consumption by the birth parent during pregnancy.
Intellectual Disabilities	An intellectual disability (cognitive disability) is an impaired ability to learn and results in below-average intelligence and limitations in the ability to function in certain areas of daily life.
Spina Bifida	Spina bifida is a congenital disorder caused by improper closing of the spine before birth (spina means “backbone,” and bifida means “split in two parts”).
Disorientation	also called confusion, refers to an impaired ability to recall people, time, or places as a result (or any combination) of physiological changes to the brain, a disease process, or substance-induced factors.
Delirium-	Disorientation that occurs suddenly is called delirium—a condition of severe disorientation and rapid changes in brain function. It is usually caused by a treatable physical or mental health disorder; it is often temporary and disappears once the illness has been treated.
Dementia	is a general term that describes the progressive loss of brain functions, including cognitive and social functions. It is not a single disease but a group of illnesses that involve memory, behavior, learning, decision making, and communication. Dementia is not a normal part of aging.
Managing Responsive Behaviors	Responsive behaviours usually originate as a response to an illness, infection, or physical discomfort. They are, therefore, often referred to as responsive behaviours. all caregivers to try to understand these behaviours and to try to remedy the situation, following the DIPPS principles (dignity, independence, individualized care, privacy, preferences, and safety).
seizure	Brief disturbance in the brain’s normal electrical function; affects awareness, movement, and sensation.
A disability	any loss (or absence) of physical or mental function
Spastic	means uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles
Monoplegia	mono means “one.” This type of CP is a paralysis of a single limb, usually an arm.
Hemiplegia	hemi means “half”; plegia means “complete or partial loss of ability to move.” CP affects one side of the body—the right arm and leg or the left arm and leg.
Diplegia	di means “two.” With diplegia, there is a loss of ability to move (plegia) corresponding parts on both (di) sides of the body.
affect	A person’s feelings, emotions, and moods and the way the person demonstrates them.
compulsion	The uncontrollable urge to perform an act.
delusion	A fixed, false belief that is not based on reality.
hallucination	Seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting, or feeling something that is not real.
obsession	A persistent thought or desire
paranoia	Extreme suspicion about a person or a situation.
psychosis	A mental state in which a person’s perception of reality is impaired.
schizophrenia spectrum disorders	An extremely complex group of mental health disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disturbances in thinking, and withdrawal from social activity.
stigma	Social shame associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person.
Causes of Mental Health Disorders	Biological factors. Childhood experiences, Social and cultural factors, Stressful life events
acquired brain injury (ABI)	is any type of sudden injury or illness that causes temporary or permanent damage to the brain.
Anxiety disorders	a group of mental health disorders whose main symptom is extreme anxiety, with fears and worries so disproportionate to the situation as to affect normal functioning.
Anxiety	a vague, uneasy feeling in response to stress.
Phobia	means fear, panic, or dread. A person with a phobic disorder has intense fear of a particular thing or situation.
Bipolar and related disorders	formerly known as manic-depressive illness, are a group of related brain disorders that cause unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function, different from the normal ups and downs that everyone goes through
Depressive disorders	are a group of disorders in which the client has sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical changes and thought changes that are severe enough to affect the client’s ability to function.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	a type of depression that occurs each year at the same time, usually starting in fall or winter and ending in spring or early summer.
anorexia nervosa	Feeding and eating disorders usually occur in young people and may signal a much deeper, more complex psychological issue, whereas an older person may refuse to eat because of a fear of choking, a sick feeling, depression, or a dislike for the texture or taste of the food.
bulimia nervosa.	Bulimia nervosa is a psychological feeding and eating disorder that is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate methods of weight control (purging).
Pica	a feeding and eating disorder defined as persistently eating substances without nutritional value for a period of at least a month.
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders,	are extremely complex mental health disorders characterized by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech (such as frequently becoming incoherent), grossly disorganized behaviours, and reduced or even dazed emotional expressions.
.Drug tolerance	occurs when the person needs larger and larger amounts of the substance to experience the same effect
Drug withdrawal	is a physical reaction that occurs when the person stops taking the substance.
apathy	An absence of emotional feeling, which appears as indifference.
delirium	A state of temporary mental disorientation that can occur suddenly
disorientation	Mental confusion, or an impaired ability to recall people, time, or places as a result of (or any combination of) physiological changes to the brain, disease process, or substance-induced factors. Also known as confusion
responsive behaviours	Behaviours, gestures, actions, and words that usually originate as a response to an illness, infection, or physical discomfort (e.g., in clients with dementia).
adolescence	Ages approximately 12 to 18 years—the time between puberty and adulthood; a time of rapid growth and physical, sexual, psychological, and social maturity.
late adulthood	Begins approximately at the age of 65 years. This stage is characterized by adjusting to decreased physical strength and loss of health, retirement, and reduced income; coping with the death of a partner; developing new friends and relationships; and preparing for one’s own death.
middle adulthood	Ages approximately 40 to 65 years; characterized by seeing one’s children growing up and moving away from home, adjusting to physical changes, developing leisure activities, and relating to and perhaps caring for aging parents.
young adulthood	Ages approximately 18 to 40 years; characterized by choosing an education and an occupation, selecting and learning to live with a partner, becoming a parent and raising children, and developing a satisfactory sex life
active listening	A nonjudgemental communication technique that focuses not only on understanding the content of what is being said but also on the underlying emotions and feelings conveyed by the sender. Active listeners concentrate fully on what is being said and pay attention to the client’s nonverbal cues.
empathetic listening	A nonjudgemental technique that requires the listener to be attentive to the sender’s feelings.
Body language	An important part of nonverbal communication that can reveal a person’s physical, mental, or emotional state through powerful messages such as gestures, postures, and facial expressions.
compulsion	The uncontrollable urge to perform an act

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