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Medical Terminology
Mod. 7: Nervous and Mental Health
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| afferent | Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS (root fer means “to carry”) |
| Alzheimer disease (AD) | A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia |
| amyloid | A starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases |
| aneurysm | A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from weakness of the vessel wall, usually of an artery; may eventually burst |
| aphasia | Specifically, loss or defect in speech communication;in practice, the term is applied more broadly to a range of language disorders, both spoken and written, may affect the ability to underst&speech, the ability to produce speech both are global aphasia |
| arachnoid mater | The middle layer of the meninges (from the Greek word for spider, because this tissue resembles a spider web) |
| astrocytoma | A neuroglial tumor composed of astrocytes |
| axon | The fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body |
| brainstem | The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| carotid endarterectomy | Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain |
| cerebellum | The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture (cerebellum means “little brain”) Root: cerebell/o |
| cerebral angiography | Radiographic study of the brain’s blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium |
| cerebral contusion | A bruise to the surface of the brain following a blow to the head |
| cerebral cortex | The cerebrum’s thin surface layer of gray matter (the cortex is the outer region of an organ) Root: cortic/o |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protection |
| cerebrovascular accident | Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke |
| cerebrum | The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure Root: cerebr/o |
| coma | State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused |
| concussion | Injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; a brain concussion usually results in loss of consciousness |
| confusion | A state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli |
| contrecoup injury | Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain hitting the skull from French, meaning “counterblow” |
| convulsion | A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions; a tonic convulsion involves prolonged muscle contraction; in a clonic convulsion, there is alternation of contraction and relaxation; both forms appear in grand mal epilepsy |
| cranial nerves | The 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain |
| delusion | A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience |
| dendrite | A fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body |
| diencephalon | The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem |
| dura mater | The strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges |
| efferent | Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS (root fer means “to carry”) |
| electroencephalography (EEG) | Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s electric activity |
| embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other matter carried in the circulation |
| encephalitis | Inflammation of the brain |
| epidural hematoma | Accumulation of blood in the epidural space (between the dura mater and the skull) |
| epilepsy | A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures |
| ganglion | A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS (plural: ganglia) Roots: gangli/o, ganglion/o |
| glioma | A tumor of neuroglial cells |
| gray matter | Unmyelinated tissue of the nervous system |
| gyrus | A raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum Plural: gyri |
| hallucination | A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli |
| hemiparesis | Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body |
| hemiplegia | Paralysis of one side of the body |
| hydrocephalus | Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of obstructed flow; may be caused by tumor, inflammation, hemorrhage, or congenital abnormality |
| hypothalamus | A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, produces hormones, and is active in maintaining homeostasis |
| insomnia | Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep |
| interneuron | Any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within the CNS |
| L-dopa | A medication used in the treatment of parkinsonism; levodopa |
| lumbar puncture | Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject anesthesia; spinal tap |
| medulla oblongata | The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; it has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure (root: medull/o); often called simply medulla |
| meninges | The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord Singular: meninx Roots: mening/o, meninge/o |
| meningioma | Tumor of the meninges |
| mid brain | The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing |
| motor | Producing movement; describes efferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS |
| multi-infarct dementia (MID) | Dementia caused by chronic cerebral ischemia (lack of blood supply) as a result of multiple small strokes; there is progressive loss of cognitive function, memory, and judgment as well as altered motor and sensory function |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS |
| myelin | A whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous system |
| narcolepsy | Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day |
| nerve | A bundle of neuron fibers outside the CNS Root: neur/o |
| neurilemmoma | A tumor of a peripheral nerve sheath (neurilemma); schwannoma |
| neuroglia | The support cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells (from glia meaning “glue”) Root: gli/o |
| neuron | The basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell |
| neurotransmitter | A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse; examples are norepinephrine (nor-ep-ih-NEF-rin), acetylcholine (ah-se-til-KO-lene), serotonin (ser-o-TO-nin), and dopamine (DO-pah-mene) |
| paralysis | Temporary or permanent loss of function; flaccid paralysis involves loss of muscle tone and reflexes and muscular degeneration; spastic paralysis involves excess muscle tone and reflexes but no degeneration |
| paranoia | A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm |
| parasympathetic nervous system | The part of the autonomic nervous system that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis; it slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities |
| parkinsonism | A disorder originating in the brain’s basal ganglia (nuclei) and characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face; also called Parkinson disease |
| pia mater | The innermost layer of the meninges |
| polysomnograph | Simultaneous monitoring of a variety of physiologic functions during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders |
| pons | A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect brain regions |
| psychosis | A mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations |
| reflex | A simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus |
| roots | A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord; the dorsal (posterior) root joins the spinal cord’s dorsal gray horn; the ventral (anterior) root joins the spinal cord’s ventral gray horn Root: radicul/o, spinal nerve root |
| seizure | A sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy; the most common forms of seizure are tonic–clonic, or grand mal (gran mal) (from French, meaning “great illness”); |
| sensory | Pertaining to the senses or sensation; describing afferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS |
| shingles | An acute viral infection that follows nerve pathways causing small lesions on the skin; caused by reactivation of the virus that also causes chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus); also called herpes zoster (HER-peze ZOS-ter) |
| sleep apnea | Brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep |
| spinal nerves | The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord |
| stroke | Sudden interference with blood flow in one+ cerebral vessels leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue; caused by a blood clot in a vessel (ischemic stroke) or rupture of a vessel (hemorrhagic stroke); cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
| subdural hematoma | Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater |
| sulcus | A shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum Plural: sulci |
| sympathetic nervous system | The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response to stress, increases heart rate and respiration rate, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles |
| synapse | The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland |
| thalamus | The part of the brain that receives all sensory impulses, except those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion of the cerebral cortex Root: thalam/o |
| thrombosis | Development of a blood clot within a vessel |
| tract | A bundle of neuron fibers within the CNS |
| tremor | A shaking or involuntary movement |
| ventricle | A small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is formed. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart Root: ventricul/o |
| white matter | Myelinated tissue of the nervous system |
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