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Topic 2
Civilizations and People of the Fertile Crescent
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fertile Crescent | a region with good conditions for growing crops that stretches from the Mediterranean Sea through Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf |
| barter | trading system in which people exchange goods directly without using money |
| polytheism | worship of many gods or deities |
| Mesopotamia | wide, flat plain in between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq |
| ziggurat | brick, pyramid-shaped Mesopotamian temple |
| irrigate | to supply water to |
| cuneiform | Mesopotamian system of writing that uses triangular-shaped symbols to stand for ideas or things |
| city-state | independent state consisting of a city and its surrounding territory |
| empire | state containing several countries or territories |
| ally | independent state that works with other states to achieve a shared military or political goal |
| cultural trait | idea or way of doing things that is common in a certain culture |
| Hammurabi's Code | a set of laws that governed life in the Babylonian empire |
| rule of law | idea that all members of a society -even the rich and powerful- must obey the law |
| cavalry | soldiers who fight while riding horses |
| currency | money that is used as a medium of exchange, usually bills or coins |
| standing army | a permanent army of professional soldiers |
| tribute | payment or gift to a stronger power |
| stele | grand stone pillar |
| import | good or service sold within a country that is produced in another country |
| export | good or service produced within a country and sold outside the country's borders |
| cultural diffusion | spread of cultural traits from one culture to another |
| navigation | art of steering a ship from place to place |
| alphabet | small set of letters or symbols, each of which stands for a single sound |
| colony | group of people living in a new territory with ties to a distant state |
| monotheism | belief in a single God |
| ethics | beliefs about what is right and wrong |
| Torah | first five books of the Hebrew Bible |
| covenant | binding agreement |
| Exodus | escape of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt |
| commandment | an order to do something |
| prophet | person believed to be chosen by God to bring truth to the people |
| rabbi | Jewish religious teacher |
| Talmud | collection of oral teachings and commentaries about the Hebrew Bible and Jewish law |
| righteousness | acting or living in a way that is ethically right and obeys God's laws |
| justice | fairness or fair treatment |
| Sabbath | weekly day of rest |
| judge | in the Hebrew Bible, a leader who could rally the Israelites to defend their land |
| Diaspora | Jewish communities outside the ancient Jewish homeland |
| exile | separation from one's homeland |
| synagogue | Jewish house of worship |
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