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chapter 31
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is growth | the increase in physical size and weight that occurs in a slow and steady manner. |
| what is Development | the maturation toward adulthood; usually characterized by physical changes and increased ability and functionality |
| what are the Principles of Growth & Development | Occurs from fertilization until death Progress from simple to complex. Occurs in sequence and pattern; developmental tasks Rate is uneven; no set pace. Not all people fit into the developmental “norm” stages |
| what is Adolescence | ages approximately 12 - 18 years; the time between puberty and adulthood; a time of rapid growth and physical, sexual, psychological, and social maturity |
| When is Young adulthood | ages approximately 18 - 40 years; characterized by choosing an education and occupation, selecting and learning to live with a partner, becoming a parent and raising children, and developing a satisfactory sex life. |
| When is Middle adulthood | ages approximately 40 - 65 years; characterized by seeing one’s children growing up and moving away, adjusting to physical changes, developing leisure activities, and relating to and perhaps caring for aging parents. |
| When is Late adulthood | age 65 years and older; characterized by adjusting to decreased strength and loss of health, retirement, and reduced income; coping with death of friends and partner; developing new friends and relationships; and preparing for one’s own death |
| What is a developmental task | An activity that must be mastered during a stage of development |
| When is infancy | The first year of life, during which the body undergoes rapid physical, psychological, and social growth and development. |
| What is menarche | The time when menstruation first begins. |
| What is menopause | The time when menstruation stops. |
| Middle adulthood is usually a time when: | Children have grown up and left home |
| Middle adulthood occurs at about: | 40 to 65 years |
| Which of the following is a developmental task of young adulthood? | Choosing an occupation |
| Adolescence is usually a time when parents and children: | Disagree |
| Dating usually begins when | With “crowd” dating |
| At what age do girls reach puberty | Most girls reach puberty between the ages of 10 and 14 years. |
| What is puberty | Reproductive organs begin to function and secondary sex characteristics appear |
| When do Peer-group activities become more important | 10 to 12 years |
| Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can best be described as: | A system that arranges human needs into categories |
| What is the principle of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development? | People must successfully complete a task in each stage before moving on to the next. |
| Changes in psychological and social functioning is called: | Development |
| What is Late Adulthood (65 Years and Older) | Certain physical changes are a normal part of aging and occur in everyone in late adulthood • Adjusting to decreased physical strength and loss of health • Adjusting to retirement and reduced income • Coping with the death of one’s partner • Developing new friends and relationships • Preparing for one’s own death |
| Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Years) | For some adults, middle adulthood is a stable and comfortable stage of development, a time when children have grown up and moved away and partners are able to spend time alone with each other, enjoy financial security, and have fewer worries about children. |
| Developmental tasks of young adulthood include | • Choosing further education and a career • Selecting a partner • Learning to live with a partner • Becoming a parent and raising children • Developing a satisfactory sex life |
| Middle Childhood (6 to 8 Years) | middle childhood is the time when school experiences begin in earnest. Children enter the world of peer groups, games, and learning. |
| Young Adulthood (18 to 40 Years) | Psychological and social development continues during young adulthood. There is little physical growth because adult height has already been reached by this time, and body systems are fully developed. |
| Adolescence (12 to 18 Years) | Adolescence is a time of rapid growth and psychological and social maturity. The stage begins with puberty. Puberty is the period during which the reproductive organs begin to function and secondary sex characteristics appear. |
| Late Childhood (9 to 12 Years) | Late childhood (preadolescence) is the stage between leaving childhood, with its dependency on others, and entering adolescence |
| Preschool (3 to 5 Years) | • Being better able to communicate and understand others • Performing self-care activities • Learning the differences between the genders • Learning to distinguish right from wrong and good from bad • Learning to play with others • Developing family relationships |
| The developmental tasks during toddlerhood are | • Tolerating separation from the primary caregiver • Gaining control of bowel and bladder functions • Using words to communicate with others • Becoming less dependent on the primary caregiver |
| What are Self-Actualization means ? | Self-actualization means realizing one’s full potential. It involves learning, understanding, and creating to the best of one’s ability. |
| What is Self-Esteem | Esteem is the worth, value, or opinion one has of a person. Self-esteem is thinking well of oneself and being well thought of by others. |
| What is a peer group | a group of friends or acquaintances. Human beings are social creatures who need to be around others. |
| What is Love and Belonging | Love is a powerful human emotion that includes deep affection, tenderness, and devotion. Romantic love also involves physical desire. The need for belonging includes the need for a rightful place in society, in a peer group, and in a family. |
| What are Safety Needs | Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in childhood, as children have a need for safe and predictable environments and typically react with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met. |
| What is homeostasis | Homeostasis is how your body systems regulate and maintain themselves. When they do, it’s easier for your body to function at its best. Homeostasis also helps your body adjust conditions to keep things balanced, and to try to help you recover from injuries and illnesses. |
| What are Physical Needs | refers to basic needs that are the most essential of our needs for survival. Examples include the need to drink when thirsty, to get sleep when tired, or to eat when hungry. |
| Maslow's basic needs are, from the lowest level to the highest level are | • Physical needs (must be met first) • The need for safety • The need for love and belonging • The need for self-esteem • The need for self-actualization, or the fulfillment of one’s potential; it is the last need to be met. |
| Name Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development | 1 0–1 Trust versus mistrust 2 1–3 Autonomy versus doubt 3 3–6 Initiative versus guilt 4 6–12 Competence versus inferiority 5 12–20 Identity versus role confusion 6 20–40 Intimacy versus isolation 7 40–65 Generativity versus stagnation 8 65 on Integrity versus despair |
| What is hierarchy | order of importance ,Lower-level needs are normally met before higher-level needs. Some people will deliberately ignore a particular need for a certain period of time in order to meet another need. For example, a person with an addiction may choose to spend money on street drugs instead of spending it on food. |
| Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs | Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) was an American psychologist who influenced ideas about psychosocial health. Maslow is best known for his theory of needs. A need is something that is necessary or desirable for maintaining life and psychosocial well-being. According to Maslow, certain basic needs must be met for a person to survive and function. |
| What are Life circumstances. | Some people experience devastating losses or tragedies in their lives—for example, the death of a parent during one’s childhood or the death of one’s child. People who experience such losses may struggle with enjoying strong psychosocial health afterward. |
| Explain Family background. | Children who grow up in caring, loving families are more likely to have good psychosocial health than those who do not. On the other hand, children growing up in a family with serious problems may be harmed psychosocially through abuse, neglect, distrust, anger, and substance abuse. As they grow older, these children may have issues with trust and intimacy. They may repeat the patterns learned in childhood |
| Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development | Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was a developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst who studied the psychological development of human beings. He is famous for his eight stages of psychosocial development Each stage involves a crisis of two opposing forces (e.g., trust versus mistrust). |
| Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development | Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist who studied children in the early 20th century. His theory of intellectual or cognitive development, published in 1936, is still used today in some branches of education and psychology |
| Growth and development occur in certain directions: | From the head (cephalocaudal) to the foot (proximodistal). From the center of the body outward |
| What is Growth | the physical changes a person experiences that can be measured and that occur in a steady and orderly manner. Growth is measured by changes in height and weight, as well as by changes in physical appearance and body functions. |
| What is sexual orientation | Whether a person’s physical and emotional arousal is to people of the same or opposite sex, or both. |
| What does self-actualization mean | Realizing one’s full potential. |
| Changes in psychological and social functioning are called: | Development |
| What is a principle of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development? | People must successfully complete a task in each stage before moving on to the next. |
| Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can best be described as: | A system that arranges human needs into categories |
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ReneeStewart
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