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Medical Terminology
Medical Conditions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| -centesis | surgical puncture of a joint, tissue or organ with a needle to withdraw fluid or inject medication |
| -ectomy | excision or removal |
| -stomy | incision |
| -tome | instrument or cut |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| -desis | binding |
| -tripsy | crushing |
| -rrhaphy | suture |
| -gram | record, reading |
| -meter | instrument for measuring |
| -scope | instrument for measuring |
| -algia | pain |
| -cele | hernia, swelling |
| -edema | swelling |
| -itis | inflammation |
| -malacia | softening |
| -pathy | disease |
| -phasia | speech |
| -ac | pertaining to |
| -al | pertaining to |
| -ar | pertaining to |
| -ia | condition |
| -ician | specialist |
| -ole | small |
| -y | process |
| -trophy | binding, fixation of a bone or joint |
| -lysis | separation, destruction, loosening |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| -penia | decrease, deficiency |
| -ism | condition |
| -iatry | medicine, treatment |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| -ptosis | downward displacement |
| epi- | above, upon |
| hypo- | under, below |
| inter- | between |
| infra- | under, below |
| sub- | under, below |
| post- | after, behind |
| pre- | before |
| peri- | around |
| hemi- | one half |
| hypo- | under |
| micro- | small |
| multi- | many |
| qudri- | four |
| tri- | three |
| ab- | away |
| ad- | toward |
| circum- | around |
| dia- | through, across |
| para- | near, beside, beyond |
| anter- | front |
| caud/o- | tail |
| crani/o- | cranium (skull) |
| dist- | far |
| infer- | lower, below |
| medi- | middle |
| poster- | back |
| proxim- | near the center |
| ventro- | belly |
| cephalad- | toward head, upper, above |
| superior | toward head, upper, above |
| inferior | tail, below, under |
| in- | inward |
| ev- | turn outward |
| a/an- | without |
| anti/contra- | against |
| brady- | slow |
| dys- | bad, painful, difficult |
| mal- | bad |
| syn- | together, joined |
| dorsal | posterior, back |
| ventral | anterior, front |
| midsagittal | divided on median (right and left halves) |
| coronal | divided into anterior and posterior |
| transverse | divided horizontally (upper/superior and lower/ inferior) |
| quadrants | 4 divisions of lower torso into: right upper (RUQ), left upper (LUQ), right lower (RLQ), left lower- (LLQ) |
| Aphasia | inability to speak |
| Arteriorrhexis | rupture of an artery |
| Pelvimeter | instrument for measuring pelvis |
| Arthroscopy | visual examination of joint |
| Bonchiectasis | dilation or expansion of the bronchus |
| Hyperemesis | excessive vomitting |
| Neuralgia | pain in nerve |
| Edema | Swelling |
| Osteoclasis | Surgical fracture of bone |
| Hepatomegaly | enlargement of liver |
| Phlebostenosis | narrowing of a vein |
| Mastopexy | fixation of a breast |
| Lithotomy | incision to remove a stone |
| hepat/o | liver |
| Hepatocele | swelling or hernia of the liver |
| Gastritis | inflammation of the stomach |
| osteo- | bone |
| -stenosis | narrowing or structure |
| arteri/o- | artery |
| Endoscope | instrument to examine body cavity |
| Sigmoidscopy | visual examination of the sigmoid colon |
| kary/o- | nucleus |
| morph/o- | form, shape, structure |
| xen/o- | foreign, strange |
| phag/o- | swallowing, eating |
| poikil/o- | varied, irregular |
| reticul/o- | net, mesh |
| thromb/o- | blood clot |
| plas/o- | formation, growth |
| myel/o- | bone marrow, spinal cord |
| immun/o- | immune, immunity, safe |
| chrom/o- | color |
| blast/o- | embryonic cell |
| -statis | standing still |
| Antibody | protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to presence of a foreign substance or antigen |
| Antigen | substance recognized as harmful to the host and stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual |
| Host | organism that maintains or harbors another organism |
| Immunocompetant | ability to develop an immune response |
| Erythrocytes | red blood cells (RBCs) |
| Lymphocytes | active cells of acquired immune response: T and B |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells (WBCs) |
| Hematology | the study of blood |
| Septicemia | serious. life threatening bloodstream infection throughout the body (i.e. pneumonia; infections or urinary tract, bone, or GI tract) |
| Serology | laboratory test to detect the presence of antibodies, antigens, or immune substances |
| Anticoagulants | prevent blood clots formation by inhibiting the synthesis or inactivating one or more clotting factors |
| CBC | complete blood count |
| IV | intravenous |
| Hb, HgB | hemoglobin |
| Sed | sedimentation |
| iso- | same-equal |
| Pruritis | extreme itching |
| Phoresis | carrying, transmission |
| Type A Blood | B antibodies in plasma |
| Indurated | red, swollen, and hardened |
| Aspiration | drawing in or out by suction |
| Sensitization | initial exposure to an antigen |
| Platelets | small formed elements in the blood |
| Hematocrit | percentage of packed red blood cells in whole blood sample |
| Titer | test that measures the amount of antibodies in blood |
| Edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in intercellular spaces of the body |
| Hemophilia A | caused by decreased or absence of factor VIII |
| Reticulocyte | immature red blood cell |
| Schilling Test | definitive test for Pernicicious Anemia |
| Basophils | releases histamines and heprin |
| Plasma | liquid medium of blood |
| Serum | blood plasma minus fibrinogen and other clotting factors |
| Spleen | destroys old red blood cells |
| Autologous | transfusion prepared from patients own blood |
| Anaphylaxis | exaggerated, life threatening hypersensitivity |
| Thrombopoiesis | platelet devopment |
| Helper T-cell | the cell that becomes infected by HIV |
| Erthropenia | decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells |
| Hemopoiesis | blood development |
| Anemia | disorder characterized by reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | classified as hemoglobinopathy |
| Aplastic Anemia | anemia associated with bone marrow |
| Sentinal Node | node that first receives drainage from a cancer containing area |
| Heparin | Is an anticoagulant (blood thinner) |
| Cytokines | chemical substance by cells that initiates, inhibits the increase of or decrease of activity in other cells |
| Serology | study of antigen- antibody reactions |
| Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen | 3 major plasma proteins |
| T- Cell | matures in thymus gland |
| Thromboplastin | released by tissue or ruptured platelets |
| Ascites | condition in which fluid collects in the peritoneal or pleural cavity |
| Exacerbation | periods of flare-up |
| Active Immunity | type of immunity where memory cells are formed |
| Kaposi Sarcoma | malignancy of connective tissue commonly associated with HIV |
| Immuno-compromised | term that denotes a weakend immune system |
| Mylogenous | Leukemia that affects granulocytes |
| Hemolysis | destruction of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin |
| Monospot | serologic test for infectious mononucleosis |
| Homologous | describes transplantation from another individual |
| Lymphangiectomy | removal of lymph vessel |
| Thrombolytics | dissolved clots by destroying their fibrin strands |
| Diuresis | Hypersecretion of urine |
| Gluc/o Glyco/o | Combining form for sugar/sweetness |
| -dipsia | Suffix for thirst |
| -crine | Suffix for secrete |
| endocrinologist | Physician who specializes in treatment of the endocrine system. |
| Target cells | Cells that respond to the effects of a hormone |
| Adren/o | Adrenal glands |
| Neurotransmitters | Hormones released |
| GTT | Glucose tolerance test-measures the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates |
| Idiopathic | Pertains to conditions without clear pathogenesis or diseasewithout recognizable cause |
| Electrolytes | Mineral salts (sodium, potassium,and calcium) that carry an electrical charge in a solution |
| Corticosteroids | Agents that replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency. |
| Hyperglycemia | high blood glucose levels |
| Cushing Syndrome | Excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex |
| Exophthalmos | Disorder caused by hypersecretion from the Thyroid gland |
| Toxic Goiter/Graves Disease | Multisystemic autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism caused by hypersecretion of thyroxine |
| Epinephrine | Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, also known as adrenaline |
| Calcitonin | Hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood |
| Thyrotomy | Incision of the thyroid gland |
| Adenohypophysis | Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
| Pituitary Gland | Master gland that regulates other glands |
| IDDM | Type 1 diabetes |
| Thyroid Gland | Regulates metabolism |
| Insulin | Hormone responsible for lowering blood sugar by accelerating glucose lysis |
| Homeostasis | State of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Disorder of the pancreas |
| Glucose | Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestions, primary source of energy for living organism |
| Growth Hormone Replacements | Classification of drugs that increases skeletal growth in children |
| Adrenal Medulla | Endocrine gland that secretes epinephrine |
| Pancreas | Produces Insulin |
| Potassium | Is an electrolyte |
| Adrenal Cortex | Gland that secretes mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones |
| Acromegaly | Excess of growth hormone that causes enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Regulates Calcium in the blood and bones |
| Gynecomastia | Excessive development of mammary tissue in a male |
| Adren/o | Adrenal Glands |
| Home/o | alike |
| Kal/i | Potassium (an electrolyte) |
| Pancreat/o | Pancreas |
| Parathyroid/p | Parathyroid glands |
| Thym/o | Thymus Gland |
| Thyroid/o | Thyroid Gland |
| Toxic/o | Poison |
| Calc/o | Calcium |
| Crin/o | Secrete |
| Acr/o | Extremity |
| Hyperkalemia | Excessive amounts of potassium in the blood |
| Obesity | Abnormal increase in the proportion of fat cellsmainly in the viscera and subcutaneous tissues of the body. |
| Thyroid Storm | Medical crisis caused by release of increased amount of thyroid hormone into the bloodstream |
| Protein bound iodine | Test that measures concentration of thyroxine in a blood sample |
| Glucose tolerance test | Measures the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates |
| Parathyroidectomy | Excision of a parathyroid gland |
| Oral antidiabetics | Agents that stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin and increase the number of insulin receptor cells |
| Hyponatremia | Condition of low blood sodium |
| Hyperglycemia | Greater than normal amount of glucose in the blood |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone | Hormone secreted by the ovaries that increases secretion of estrogen |
| Prolactin | Hormone that promotes lactation |
| Hirsutism | hair growth in unusual places especially in women |
| Hyperopia | farsightedness |
| Myopia | nearsightedness |
| Astigmatism | Irregular focusing of light rays entering the eye resulting in some clear and some blurry vision |
| Presbyopia | Inability of internal lens to focus and refocus quickly to accommodate variations in distance. Usually occurs in mid-40s |
| Nystagmus | Involuntary, repetitive, rhythmic movements of one or both eyes. |
| Strabismus | Visual misalignment in which eyes fail to look in the same direction at the same time. |
| Hordeolum | Stye-inflammatory infections of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids |
| Keratitis | Inflammation or infection of the cornea. |
| Ptosis | A permanent drooping of the upper eyelid, such that it partially or completely covers the eye. |
| Conjunctivitis | Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the anterior portion of the eye ball and also lines the eyelids. “Pink eye” |
| Cataract | When the natural lens of the eye becomes opacified. |
| Glaucoma | Damage to the optic nerve, often caused by intraocular pressure. |
| Macular degeneration | Progressive deterioration of the macula of the retina. |
| Diabetic retinopathy | Disorder of the retinal blood vessels |
| Retinal detachment | An elevation (separation) of the retina from the choroid |
| Tinnitus | Ringing or buzzing noise; perception of ringing, hissing or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present. |
| Swimmer’s ear | Inflammation and resulting infection of the outer ear canal after water has been entrapped during swimming |
| Otitis media | Inflammation of the normally airfilled middle ear with the accumulation of fluid behind the tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
| Meniere’s Disease | Chronic disease of the inner ear that affects the labyrinth |
| Labyrinthitis | Inflammation or infection of the labyrinth of the inner ear |
| Ruptured Tympanic Membrane | Ruptured eardrum |
| Mastoiditis | Inflammation of mastoid bone, or mastoid process |
| Evisceration | Removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact |
| Optic Disc | Where the optic nerve and blood vessels enter the eye. |
| Vertigo | A hallucination of movement or a feeling of spinning or dizziness |
| Cochlea | Snail shaped structure of the inner ear responsible for the sense of hearing |
| Refraction | Bending light rays so they focus on the retina |
| Radial Keratotomy | Surgery in which small incisions are used to flatten the cornea, thus correcting nearsightedness |
| Cyclodialysis | The formation of an opening between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space for draining of the aqueous humor. |
| Macula | The area of the retina responsible for central or straight ahead vision required for reading, driving, detail work and recognizing faces. |
| Tympanic Cavity | Where the malleus, incus and stapes are located |
| Otosclerisos | Ankylosis of spongy bone around the oval window. |
| Ossicles | Include the malleus, incus and stapes |
| Macular Degeneration | A condition in which blood and other fluids leak from intraocular vessels and destroy the visual cells leading to permanent visual loss. |
| Accommodation | Altering the shape of the lens to enable light to focus on the retina |
| Blepharitis | Inflammation of the eyelid |
| Retinoblastoma | A neoplastic intraocular disease found primarily in children. |
| Chalazion | A small hard tumor developing on the eyelid , somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst. |
| Retina | A highly vascular layer of the eye, containing rods and cones |
| Achromatopsia | A severe congenital deficiency in color perception |
| Cerumen | Waxy secretion produced by glands in the ear canal. |
| Nyctalopia | Night blindness |
| Exophthalmos | Protrusion of one of both eyeballs from the sockets, commonly associated with hyperthyroidism. |
| Diopter | A measurement of refractive error |
| Tympanostomy | Insertion of a tube through the eardrum to drain the middle ear. |
| Fluorescein angiography | A diagnostic test to assess blood flow in the retina after injection of a dye. |
| Canthus | Inner edge of the eye |
| Glaucoma | Excessive intraocular pressure, commonly leading to blindness. |
| Canal of Schlemm | Structure that drains the aqueous humor. |
| Cornea | One of the few body structures that does not contain capillaries |
| Astigmatism | A defective curvature of the cornea or lens |
| Mydriatics | Drugs that dilate the pupil for internal examination |
| Semicircular Canals | Where the sense of equilibrium is maintained in the inner ear. |
| Blepharoplasty | Cosmetic surgery to remove fatty tissue above or below the eye. |
| Hair Cells | The tiny nerve endings that line the cochlea. |
| Oval Window | The membrane on the external surface of the cochlea. |
| Amblyopia | A type of strabismus called Lazy eye syndrome |
| Rinne | Type of test that evaluates bone conduction versus air conduction of sound in oneear at a time. |
| Cochlear Implant | Technical name for bionic ear. |
| Episodes of Otitis Media | May cause scarring of the tympanic membrane |
| External Ear | Conducts sound waves through the air, middle ear, through bone and the inner ear and fluid. |
| Blind Spot | Center of the optic disc |
| Eustachian Tube | Connects the pharynx with the middle ear. |
| Cornea | Transparent, anterior part of eye |
| Conjunctiva | Membrane that lines the inner eyelids and covers the cornea. |
| Cyclodialysis | Performed to drain the aqueous humor in glaucoma |
| Hordeolum | Medical term for stye |
| Exotropia | Eyes turn outward, causing a divergent squint |
| Cataract | Opacity that forms on the lens and impairs vision |
| Gonioscopy | Exam that determines the angle where the cornea meets the iris. |
| Anacusis | Medical term for deafness |
| Otitis Externa | Medical term for infection of the external auditory canal. |
| Diopter | Unit of measurement of refractive errors |
| Tonometer | Instrument that measures the internal pressure of the eye |
| Strabismus | Condition on which one eye is misaligned with the other eye. Also called heterotropia. |
| Neovascular | Refers to the wet form of macular degeneration |
| Enucleation | Removal of the eye |
| Caloric Stimulation Test | Test that uses different temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve. |
| Hydriatrics | Agents that dilate the pupils to treat inflammatory conditions or in preparation for internal exams of the eye. |
| Wax Emulsifiers | Agents that help looses and help remove impacted cerumen. |
| Ophthalmic Decongestants | Agents that constrict small arterioles of the eye to decrease redness and conjunctival congestion. |
| Presby/o | Old Age |
| Cycl/o | Ciliary body of eye, circular, cycle |
| Ambly/o | Dull, dim |
| Myring/o | Eardrum |
| Phot/o | Light |
| Blephar/o | Eyelid |
| Core/o | Pupil |
| Vitr/o | Vitreous body (of eye) |
| Eso- | Inward |
| -opia | Vision |
| Staped/o | Stapes |
| Aur/o | Ear |
| Goni/o | Angle |
| Ophthalm/o | Eye |
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