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Patho Week 1
Pathophysiology Week 1 - The Cell NG
| Eukaryotes (eu = good; karyon = nucleus; also spelled “eucaryotes”) Are larger, more extensive intracellular anatomy & organization than prok. | Euk. cells have a charact. set of membrane-bound intracellular compartmnts, called organelles, that include well-defined nucleus. Cells of higher animals and plants are eukaryotes, as are the single-celled organisms, fungi, protozoa, and most algae. |
| prokaryotes | contain no organelles, and their nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotic cells are characterized by lack of a distinct nucleus. Include cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), bacteria, and rickettsiae. |
| nuclei of prokaryotic cells | carry genetic information in a single circular chromosome, and they lack a class of proteins called histones |
| eukaryotic cells | bind with (DNA) and are involved in the supercoiling of DNA. Eukaryotic cells have several or many chromosomes. |
| differentiation | Cells become specialized through the process of differentiation, or maturation, so that some cells eventually perform one kind of function and other cells perform other functions |
| eight chief cellular functions | 1. Movement, 2. Conductivity, 3. Metabolic absorption, 4. Secretion, 5. Excretion, 6. Excretion, 7. Reproduction, and 8. Communication |
| Movement | Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion. Muscles that are attached to bones produce limb movements, whereas those muscles that enclose hollow tubes or cavities move or empty contents when they contract |
| Conductivity | Conduction as a response to a stimulus is manifested by a wave of excitation, an electrical potential that passes along the surface of the cell to reach its other parts. Conductivity is the chief function of nerve cells. |
| Metabolic absorption | All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. |
| Secretion | Certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances from substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve, as needed, elsewhere. |
| Excretion | All cells can rid themselves of waste products resulting from metabolic breakdown of nutrients. Membrane-bound sacs (lysosomes) within cells contain enzymes that break down/digest, large molecules, turning into waste products that are released from cell |
| Respiration | Cells absorb oxygen, which is used to transform nutrients into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration, or oxidation, occurs in organelles called mitochondria. |
| Reproduction | Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves. Even without growth, tissue maintenance requires that new cells be produced to replace cells that are lost normally through cellular death. Not all cells are capable of continuous division |
| Communication | Communication is vital for cells to survive as a society of cells. Appropriate communication allows the maintenance of a dynamic steady state |
| “typical” eukaryotic cell | which consists of three components: an outer membrane called the plasma membrane, or plasmalemma; a fluid “filling” called cytoplasm and the “organs” of the cell—the membrane-bound intracellular organelles, among them the nucleus |
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