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Modern History HSC
NS: Russia and the Soviet Union PC: The Cold War CMW: Apartheid in South Africa
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What event marked Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917? | overthrew the Provisional Government. |
| What were the goals and outcomes of Stalin’s first economic plan? | aimed at rapid industrialisation and collectivisation; led to increased output but widespread famine and repression. |
| How did the Berlin Blockade intensify Cold War tensions? | USSR blocked Allied access to West Berlin; US responded with airlift, solidifying East-West division. |
| What crisis brought the world closest to nuclear war? | Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962) – USSR placed missiles in Cuba; US imposed naval blockade; resolved diplomatically but heightened nuclear fears. |
| What event catalyzed international condemnation of apartheid? | Sharpeville Massacre (21 March 1960) – police killed 69 peaceful protesters; led to global outrage and increased resistance. |
| Why was the Soweto Uprising a turning point in resistance? | student protests against Afrikaans instruction; brutal crackdown sparked national and international activism. |
| How did Lenin consolidate Bolshevik power post-1917? | Through Decrees on Land and Peace, suppression of opposition, creation of the Cheka, and dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. |
| What methods did Stalin use to maintain control? | Purges, propaganda, cult of personality, NKVD repression, and control of education/media to enforce totalitarian rule. |
| How did Khrushchev’s policies shape Cold War dynamics? | De-Stalinisation, Cuban Missile Crisis, and Berlin Wall construction; oscillated between diplomacy and confrontation. |
| What was Reagan’s approach to Cold War diplomacy? | Military buildup, Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), and hardline rhetoric, followed by negotiations with Gorbachev. |
| How did Mandela’s leadership evolve from militant to reconciliatory? | Initially led Umkhonto we Sizwe, later championed peaceful transition and reconciliation post-imprisonment. |
| What was Biko’s role in reshaping resistance ideology? | Founded Black Consciousness Movement; emphasized psychological liberation and pride; died in police custody, becoming a martyr. |
| What were the consequences of Russia’s exit from WWI? | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) – harsh terms; Russia lost territory and resources; allowed Bolsheviks to focus on internal consolidation. |
| How did the 1936 Constitution reflect Stalinist control? | Claimed to be democratic but enshrined one-party rule and Stalin’s dominance; used as propaganda. |
| What did the Truman Doctrine signal about US foreign policy? | Commitment to containing communism; marked ideological shift and start of US global intervention. |
| How did SALT I attempt to reduce nuclear tensions? | limited number of nuclear weapons; first major arms control agreement. |
| How did the Population Registration Act institutionalize racial classification? | Required racial classification of all citizens; foundation for apartheid laws and systemic segregation. |
| What was the impact of spatial segregation under apartheid? | Group Areas Act (1950) – forcibly relocated non-white populations; entrenched racial divisions and economic disparity. |
| Assess the impact of Stalin’s policies on Soviet society. | radically transformed Soviet society through industrialisation and collectivisation, but entrenched authoritarian control and widespread repression, undermining social cohesion. |
| To what extent did Lenin consolidate power between 1917–1924? | achieved through ideological pragmatism, coercive force, and strategic reforms, though it laid the groundwork for future authoritarianism. |
| Evaluate the role of propaganda in maintaining Stalin’s regime. | constructing a cult of personality and legitimising terror, yet its effectiveness relied on the simultaneous suppression of dissent. |
| Analyse the origins of the Cold War. | emerged from ideological incompatibility and mutual distrust between superpowers, exacerbated by post-war power vacuums and competing visions for global order. |
| To what extent was the Cold War a result of US aggression? | Soviet expansionism and mutual misinterpretation equally fuelled the conflict, making blame a contested historiographical issue. |
| Assess the effectiveness of détente in reducing Cold War tensions. | temporarily eased superpower tensions through diplomacy and arms control, but failed to resolve underlying ideological divisions, rendering it a fragile and ultimately short-lived phase. |
| Evaluate the role of international pressure in ending apartheid. | through sanctions and diplomatic isolation, significantly weakened the apartheid regime, but internal resistance and negotiated compromise were decisive in its collapse. |
| To what extent did resistance movements challenge apartheid effectively? | evolved from fragmented militancy to unified political activism, effectively destabilising apartheid’s legitimacy despite brutal repression. |
| Assess the impact of apartheid legislation on South African society. | racial inequality and economic disparity, entrenching systemic oppression while provoking sustained domestic and global resistance. |
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