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Final Exam Nur102
final exam for nursing 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Differentiate between Basal Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in terms of appearance and metastatic potential. Basal cell carcinoma typically appears as a pearly papule with a central crater and waxy borders, and metastasis is rare. Squamous cell | Basal Cell Carcinoma appears as a pearly papule with a central crater and waxy borders, and rarely metastasizes. Squamous Cell Carcinoma presents as a firm, nodular lesion with a crust or central ulceration, showing local rapid invasion with a 10% chan |
| Explain the purpose of a "Time Out" in the surgical suite and who participates. A "Time Out" is a required safety protocol by The Joint Commission to ensure the correct patient, site, and procedure are identified before surgery. All surgical team members, | A "Time Out" in surgery is a critical safety step to prevent wrong-site, wrong-patient, or wrong-procedure errors. All surgical team members, including the patient if conscious and able, participate in verifying the correct details before the procedure |
| Describe the concept of "Sundowning" in Alzheimer's disease and provide two nursing interventions to manage it. Sundowning refers to increased confusion, anxiety, and agitation in individuals with Alzheimer's and dementia that begins at dusk and lasts int | "Sundowning" is a common phenomenon in Alzheimer's disease where confusion, anxiety, and agitation worsen in the late afternoon and evening. To manage this, nurses can ensure adequate lighting in the evening and maintain a consistent daily routine for |
| What is the primary difference in pathophysiology between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insufficient insulin production. In contrast, Type 2 Diabe | Type 1 Diabetes results from the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insufficient insulin production. Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by either dysfunction of beta cells (decreased insulin production) or insulin resistance, where the |
| Identify two major side effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors used in Alzheimer's treatment and a key nursing implication for one of them. Two major side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors are gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhe | Two major side effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors are gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and anorexia (especially with Exelon). A key nursing implication for Exelon is to monitor the patient's weight regularly due to the ris |
| Explain the difference between Palliative Care and Hospice Care. Palliative care focuses on relieving physical, spiritual, emotional, and psychosocial symptoms for patients with serious illnesses at any stage, even concurrently with curative treatment. Ho | Palliative Care focuses on symptom relief and improving quality of life for any serious illness, regardless of prognosis, and can be given alongside curative treatment. Hospice Care is a specific type of palliative care for patients with a life expecta |
| What is the significance of the "shift to the left" in a WBC differential, and what does it indicate? A "shift to the left" indicates an increase in immature neutrophils (bands/segs) in the white blood cell differential. This finding suggests an acute bac | A "shift to the left" in a WBC differential indicates an increase in immature neutrophils (bands/segs). This suggests the bone marrow is rapidly producing and releasing new neutrophils into the bloodstream, typically in response to an acute bacterial i |
| List two modifiable risk factors for Osteoporosis and describe how they can contribute to bone loss. Two modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis are chronic low calcium and Vitamin D intake, which are essential for bone formation and strength. Another is | Two modifiable risk factors for Osteoporosis include chronic low calcium and Vitamin D intake and a lack of weight-bearing exercise. Inadequate calcium and Vitamin D hinder bone formation, while insufficient exercise reduces the stimulus for bone remod |
| Describe the primary mechanism of action for Statins in treating high cholesterol and a serious side effect to monitor for. Statins (e.g., atorvastatin, simvastatin) primarily work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is responsible for manuf | Statins inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is crucial for cholesterol synthesis in the liver, thereby reducing LDL cholesterol and slightly increasing HDL. A serious side effect to monitor for is Rhabdomyolysis, a rare but severe breakdown of |
| Explain the difference between Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a general term for the thickening or hardening of the arterial wall, often associated with aging. Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis that involves | 10. Arteriosclerosis is a general term for the hardening and thickening of arterial walls, a natural part of aging. Atherosclerosis is a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by the buildup of plaque (fatty deposits) within the artery walls, leading to |
| A condition of cells in which they have lost their differentiated characteristics and their orientation to one another and to supporting tissue. A characteristic of cancer cells. | Anaplasia |
| A surgical connection made between two structures, such as blood vessels or loops of intestine. In the context of the material, specifically refers to surgical reattachment of bowel segments. | Anastomosis |
| A decrease in red blood cells, often due to bone marrow suppression during chemotherapy, leading to a lack of oxygen transport. | Anemia (in cancer) |
| Swelling that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface. It is often associated with allergic reactions or certain medications (e.g., ACE inhibitors) and can affect the face, tongue, lips, and pharynx, potentially c | Angioedema |
| The grieving process that begins before an actual loss occurs, often seen in cases of terminal illness. | Anticipatory Grief |
| A disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. It affects communication abilities, including speaking, understanding, reading, and writing. | Aphasia |
| Programmed cell death; a normal process that eliminates old or damaged cells. In cancer, cells lose this ability. | Apoptosis |
| A general term for the thickening or hardening of the arterial wall, typically associated with aging. | Arteriosclerosis |
| A specific type of arteriosclerosis involving the formation of plaque (fatty substances) within the artery walls, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow. It is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. | Atherosclerosis |
| The most common type of skin cancer, appearing as a pearly papule with a central crater and waxy borders, rarely metastasizes. | Basal Cell Carcinoma |
| The emotional responses and outward behaviors of a person experiencing a loss, encompassing both grief and mourning. | Bereavement |
| Medications that reduce cardiac output by decreasing sympathetic response, heart rate, and blood pressure. They can be selective (primarily blocking beta-1 receptors in the heart) or non-selective (blocking both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, potentially af | Beta-Adrenergic Blockers |
| A measure used to indicate whether you are a healthy weight for your height. | Body Mass Index (BMI) |
| Normal BMI | 19 - 24.9 |
| Undernutrition (BMI) | < 19 |
| Overweight (BMI): | 25 - 30 |
| Obesity (BMI): | > 30 |
| Morbid Obesity (BMI): | > 40 |
| A type of radiation therapy where a radioactive source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment. The patient and their secretions may become radioactive for a period. | Brachytherapy (Internal Beam Radiation) |
| Tumors that develop as a result of a failure in cellular regulation in the bronchial epithelium, commonly known as lung cancers. | Bronchogenic Carcinomas |
| Extreme body wasting and malnutrition, often seen in advanced cancer, characterized by lack of intake combined with a hypermetabolic state from tumor growth. | Cachexia |
| Inflammation of the gallbladder caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct. | Calculous Cholecystitis |
| A tumor marker that may be elevated in certain cancers, particularly colorectal cancer. | Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) |
| Substances that change the activity of a cell's genes, causing the cell to become a cancer cell. | Carcinogens |
| A lens opacity in the eye that distorts images, leading to blurred vision, decreased color perception, and potentially blindness if untreated. | Cataract |
| The genetic and physiological processes that control cellular growth, replication, differentiation, and function to maintain homeostasis. | Cellular Regulation |
| A painful bacterial skin infection affecting mainly the subcutaneous and dermal layers, typically caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus. | Cellulitis |
| Surgical removal of the gallbladder, which can be done minimally invasively (laparoscopic) or through traditional open surgery. | Cholecystectomy |
| Inflammation of the gallbladder, which can be acute or chronic, and may occur with or without gallstones (calculous or acalculous). | Cholecystitis |
| A class of drugs, such as donepezil (Aricept) and rivastigmine (Exelon), widely prescribed for Alzheimer's disease. They work by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, thus increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain to improve cognition, ADLs, and behavi | Cholinesterase Inhibitors |
| A progressive lung disease that interferes with airflow and gas exchange, encompassing both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
| Cancer staging based on the patient's symptoms and evaluates tumor size and possible metastasis. | Clinical Staging (Cancer) |
| A type of psychotherapy that helps patients reframe negative thoughts and change unhealthy behaviors by identifying and challenging cognitive distortions. | Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) |
| An endoscopic procedure to visualize the entire colon, used for screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer. | Colonoscopy |
| An acute complication of fractures involving increased pressure within a confined anatomical space, leading to impaired circulation and potential nerve/muscle damage. | Compartment Syndrome |
| A break in the bone across its entire length, resulting in two distinct pieces of bone. | Complete Fracture |
| A type of grief characterized by prolonged and severe symptoms, often lasting beyond a year, potentially leading to depression, suicidal ideation, or guilt. | Complicated Grief |
| A fracture caused by excessive pressure or force on trabecular or cancellous bone, often seen in the spine due to osteoporosis. | Compression Fracture |
| A type of Inflammatory Bowel Disease characterized by patchy inflammation that can affect any part of the GI tract from mouth to rectum, impacting all layers of the bowel, often leading to strictures, deep ulcerations, and fistulas. | Crohn's Disease |
| The ability of healthcare providers to understand and effectively respond to the needs of patients from diverse cultural backgrounds, promoting culturally congruent care. The "4 Cs" include Curiosity, Comfort, Clarity, and Confidence. | Cultural Competence |
| A condition caused by excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by certain tumors (e.g., Small Cell Lung Cancer), leading to symptoms like weight gain, moon face, and high blood pressure. | Cushing's Syndrome (Paraneoplastic Syndrome) |
| A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, often indicating poor oxygenation. | Cyanosis |
| Inflammation of the bladder, most commonly caused by bacterial infection, usually E. coli. | Cystitis |
| A skeletal muscle relaxant and the treatment of choice for Malignant Hyperthermia. | Dantrolene Sodium |
| A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs. It carries a high risk of pulmonary embolism. | Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) |
| The partial or total separation of wound layers, often a postoperative complication. | Dehiscence (Wound) |
| An alteration in mood expressed by feelings of sadness, despair, and pessimism, and a loss of interest in usual activities. | Depression |
| A surgical procedure that involves dilating the cervix and scraping the lining of the uterus, in the context of skin cancer, refers to "curettage" to scrape off a lesion. | Dilation and Curettage (D&C) |
| Oral anti-diabetic medications (e.g., sitagliptin) that increase insulin release and decrease glucagon production. | Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors |
| Grief experienced when the loss is not socially acceptable or cannot be openly acknowledged or shared (e.g., grief over a suicide). | Disenfranchised Grief |
| A rapid emptying of stomach contents into the small intestine, often a complication of gastric surgery, causing symptoms like vertigo, tachycardia, sweating, and diarrhea. | Dumping Syndrome |
| Difficulty or labored breathing, often described as shortness of breath. | Dyspnea |
| Painful or difficult urination. | Dysuria |
| A discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising. | Ecchymosis |
| Elements or compounds that, when dissolved in water, separate into electrically charged ions (cations +: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium; anions -: Chloride, Phosphate, Bicarbonate). Crucial for maintaining homeostasis. | Electrolytes |
| A medical procedure that involves inducing a brief seizure in the brain using electric currents, primarily used to treat severe depression. | Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
| The individual's capacity or ability to secrete and excrete metabolic wastes (e.g., urination). | Elimination |
| A component of COPD characterized by loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation, leading to impaired gas exchange and air trapping in the lungs. | Emphysema |
| Care provided to patients with a prognosis of 6 months or less, focusing on quality of life and supporting a peaceful death (Hospice care). | End of Life Care |
| Nutritional support delivered directly into the GI tract via a tube (e.g., nasoenteric tube, enterostomal feeding tube). | Enteral Nutrition (TEN) |
| Belching or burping. | Eructation |
| A blood test that can reveal inflammatory activity in the body. An elevated ESR indicates inflammation. | Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) |
| The normal number of chromosomes in a cell. Cancer cells often exhibit abnormal chromosomes (aneuploidy). | Euploidy |
| Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball, a classic sign of Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism). | Exophthalmos |
| A non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones, such as renal calculi or gallstones, into smaller pieces that can be passed or removed. | Extracorporeal Shock-Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) |
| The leakage of intravenously infused drugs from the vein into the surrounding tissue, particularly serious with vesicant chemotherapy drugs. | Extravasation (IV) |
| An acute complication of fractures where fat globules from the bone marrow enter the bloodstream, potentially causing respiratory distress, neurological symptoms, and skin rash. | Fat Embolism |
| The body's ability to maintain homeostasis through the balance of fluid volume and electrolyte substances. | Fluid and Electrolyte Balance |
| A measure of how much air a person can exhale during a forced breath, used in pulmonary function tests (PFTs). | Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) |
| A break or disruption in the continuity of the bone that often affects mobility and causes pain. | Fracture |
| The process of oxygen transport to the cells and carbon dioxide away from the cells through ventilation and diffusion. | Gas Exchange |
| Bariatric surgeries that reduce the size of the stomach to limit food intake (e.g., laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy). | Gastric Restriction Surgeries |
| A group of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) that can damage the optic nerve, leading to peripheral vision loss and potential blindness. | Glaucoma |
| a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas that prevents hypoglycemia by increasing glucose levels | Glucagon |
| Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C): A blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the past 120 days, used to diagnose and monitor diabetes control. | glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) |
| Graves' Disease: An autoimmune disease that is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, characterized by increased thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI). | Graves' Disease |
| Grief: A feeling of deep sorrow that comes from a loss; a personal and complex emotional response. | Grief |
| Health Disparity: A particular type of health difference closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage. | Health Disparity |
| excessive bleeding, a potential complication of surgery | Hemorrhage |
| Heparin Sodium: An anticoagulant medication that inactivates thrombin, preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and thus inhibiting clot formation. It is a high-alert medication. | Herparin Sodium |
| Herniated Disk: A condition where the soft inner portion of a spinal disc protrudes through the tougher outer ring, causing back pain and potential nerve compression. | Herniated Disc |
| a condition where there is too much cholesterol in the blood, leading to plaque formation in the arteries and increased risk for cardiovascular disease | High Cholesterol |
| A structure deep in the brain responsible for encoding memory. In Alzheimer's disease, plaque develops in this area, leading to memory deficits. | Hippocampus (in AD) |
| The secretion and distribution of chemical substances (hormones) from one area of the body that initiate a response in another organ or group of cells. | Hormonal Regulation |
| A philosophy or model of care for patients with a life expectancy of 6 months or less, focusing on comfort and quality of life without curative treatments. | Hospice Care |
| Increased levels of calcium in the blood, often occurring in cancer patients due to tumors secreting parathyroid hormone, causing bone to release calcium. | Hypercalcemia (Oncologic Emergency) |
| High blood glucose, typically above 250 mg/dL. In diabetes, it can lead to symptoms like the 3 Ps (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia). | Hyperglycemia |
| Potassium levels above 5.0 mEq/L, which can be life-threatening due to its effects on excitable tissues, especially the heart. | Hyperkalemia |
| Magnesium levels above 2.6 mEq/L, leading to decreased membrane excitability and affecting all body systems, particularly cardiac and neuromuscular. | Hypermagnesemia |
| Sodium levels above 145 mmol/L, causing the ECF to become hypertonic, pulling water out of cells, and making nerve/muscle cells more excitable. | Hypernatremia |
| Persistently high blood pressure, classified as Stage 1 (140/90 - 159/99 mmHg) or Stage 2 (160/100 mmHg and greater). Often asymptomatic ("silent killer"). | Hypertension (HTN) |
| A severe and rapid elevation in blood pressure (SBP >200/DBP >130-150 mmHg) that is a life-threatening medical emergency, potentially leading to organ damage. | Hypertensive Crisis (Malignant HTN) |
| An overactive thyroid gland with increased levels of T3 and T4 hormones (thyrotoxicosis), leading to hypermetabolism and various systemic symptoms. | Hyperthyroidism |
| Calcium levels below 9.0 mg/dL, causing instability in cell membrane depolarization, particularly in skeletal muscles. Can be life-threatening if rapid. | Hypocalcemia |
| Low blood glucose, typically below 70 mg/dL, causing symptoms like shakiness, confusion, sweating, and headache. | Hypoglycemia |
| Potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L, which can be life-threatening as every cell in the body is affected, leading to decreased muscle excitability and weakness. | Hypokalemia |
| Magnesium levels below 1.8 mEq/L, often occurring with calcium issues, and can affect cardiac function, DTRs, and GI motility. | Hypomagnesemia |
| Blood pressure less than 90/60 mmHg, which can be normal for some individuals but may also indicate inadequate blood flow to vital organs. | Hypotension |
| Decreased thyroid hormone levels, leading to a slowed metabolic rate and various symptoms, including cellular edema (myxedema). | hypothyroidism |
| Decreased oxygen in the blood, which can lead to hypoxia (decreased oxygen in tissues) and cyanosis. | hypoxemia |
| The ability of the body to withstand infection through natural or induced resistance. | immunity |
| A fracture that does not divide the bone into two distinct portions; it extends only partway through the bone. | incomplete fracture |
| A legal document and process that ensures a patient understands and agrees to a medical procedure after being fully informed of its nature, risks, benefits, and alternatives. | informed consent |
| A hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that prevents hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy. | insulin |
| Muscle pain, cramping, numbness, or burning in the calves or feet that occurs with walking or exercise and is relieved by rest; a classic symptom of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). | intermittent claudication |
| The fluid pressure inside the eye, which is elevated in glaucoma and can damage the optic nerve. | intraocular pressure |
| Small cells within the pancreas that contain alpha cells (secrete glucagon) and beta cells (produce insulin), working together to regulate blood glucose. | islets of langerhans |
| IV fluids (e.g., 0.9% NaCl, Lactated Ringer's) that have the same osmolality as body fluids, causing no net fluid movement between intracellular and extracellular compartments. Used for volume replacement. | isotonic solution |
| A filter surgically placed in the inferior vena cava to trap blood clots and prevent them from traveling to the lungs, used to prevent DVT complications. | IVC filter |
| Yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes due to increased bilirubin, often seen with gallbladder inflammation or obstruction. | jaundice (in cholecystitis) |
| Byproducts of fat breakdown for energy, which accumulate in the blood and urine during metabolic acidosis, often seen in DKA. | ketones (in diabetes) |
| A five-stage model of grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance. Individuals may not experience these stages in order or for the same duration. | Kubler-Ross Model |
| Deep and rapid breathing pattern, often seen in severe metabolic acidosis (e.g., DKA), as the body attempts to excrete excess carbon dioxide and acid. | Kussmaul Respirations |
| An exaggerated, forward rounding of the back, often seen in severe osteoporosis due to vertebral compression fractures. | Kyphosis |
| A surgical procedure that removes the lamina (part of the vertebra) to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, often performed for back problems. | Laminectomy |
| A gastric restriction bariatric surgery where an inflatable band is placed around the upper stomach to create a small pouch. | Laparotic Adjustable Gastric Band (LAGB) |
| A gastric restriction bariatric surgery where a large portion of the stomach is removed, creating a smaller, sleeve-shaped stomach. | Laparosopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) |
| A type of neurocognitive disorder characterized by abnormal protein deposits (Lewy bodies) in the brain, leading to cognitive decline, fluctuations in alertness, and visual hallucinations. | Lewy Body Dementia |
| A synthetic thyroid hormone (T4), the drug of choice for treating hypothyroidism, by increasing T4 levels which are converted to T3. | Levothyroxine Sodium |
| A blood test that measures the levels of various lipids (fats) in the blood, including total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL. | Lipid Profile |
| The formation of calculi (stones). | Lithiasis |
| A method for turning a patient with a spinal injury or surgery to prevent twisting of the spine, maintaining proper body alignment. | Log Roll |
| The fact or process of losing something or someone. Can be necessary, actual, perceived, maturational, situational, or anticipatory. | Loss |
| Common musculoskeletal issues affecting the lower back, often due to muscle strain, ligament sprain, or disc degeneration, and a leading cause of work disability. | Lower Back problems |
| A rare, acute, and life-threatening complication of certain general anesthetics and/or succinylcholine, characterized by rapid heart rate, muscle rigidity, and dangerously high body temperature. | malignant hyperthermia |
| The most serious type of skin cancer, appearing as an irregularly shaped, pigmented papule or plaque with variegated colors. It is known for rapid invasion and metastasis. | melanoma |
| The biochemical reactions within the cells of the body (both anabolic/building and catabolic/breaking down) that are necessary to sustain life. | metabolism |
| An antithyroid drug (thionamide) used to treat hyperthyroidism, primarily by blocking the synthesis of thyroid hormones. | methimazole (tapazole) |
| A minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove a herniated disc fragment that is pressing on a nerve root. | microdisectomy |
| A brief screening tool used to assess cognitive function, often used in the assessment of Alzheimer's disease. | mini-mental satus exam (MMSE) |
| Mechanisms that support musculoskeletal function to facilitate movement. | mobility |
| The emotional state and subjective mindset of an individual. | mood |
| The outward social expression of grief and behaviors associated with loss, often influenced by cultural norms. | mourning |
| Inflammation of the mucous membranes, particularly in the mouth (stomatitis), a common side effect of chemotherapy and radiation. | mucositis/stomatitis |
| Suppression of bone marrow activity, leading to decreased production of blood cells (anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia), a major side effect of chemotherapy. | myelosuppression |
| Cellular edema and general non-pitting edema that occurs in hypothyroidism due to accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharides in the dermis. | myxedema |
| A severe, life-threatening complication of untreated or uncontrolled hypothyroidism, characterized by profound hypothermia, decreased level of consciousness, and multi-organ failure. | myxedema coma |
| The lowest point that an individual's blood cell count reaches after chemotherapy, particularly referring to white blood cells (neutrophils). This is the time of highest risk for infection. | nadir |
| An opioid antagonist that blocks the effects of opioids at receptor sites, used to reverse opioid-induced respiratory and CNS depression. | naloxone (narcan) |
| Disorders characterized by a clinically significant deficit in cognition or memory, representing a significant change from a previous level of functioning. Previously classified as dementia. | neurocognitive disorders (NCD) |
| Abnormal accumulations of tau protein inside neurons in the brain, a characteristic pathological finding in Alzheimer's disease. | neurofibrillary tangles (in AD) |
| A low count of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), indicating a weakened immune system and increased risk for bacterial infections. | neutropenia |
| One of the two main types of lung cancer, generally growing and spreading more slowly than small cell lung cancer. | non-small cell lung cancer |
| Uncomplicated grief with emotions that may be negative initially but change to positive over time, with some acceptance typically by 6 months after the loss. | normal grief |
| A condition characterized by a Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30, representing excess body fat. | obesity |
| Decreased urine output (oliguria) or absence of urine output (anuria), which can be a sign of urinary obstruction due to renal calculi. | oliguria/anuria |
| A serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist used to suppress nausea and vomiting, often in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). | odansetron (zofran) |
| A surgical procedure for fractures where the bone is surgically exposed (open reduction) and then internally stabilized with plates, nails, rods, or screws (internal fixation). | open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) |
| A drop in blood pressure (SBP >20 mmHg or DBP >10 mmHg) that occurs within 3 minutes of rising from a sitting or lying position, often due to inadequate vasoconstriction. | orthostatic hypotension (Postural Hypotension) |
| Bone loss due to a lack of vitamin D, leading to softening of the bones. | Osteomalacia |
| a chronic disease characterized by decreased bone density (osteopenia) where bone reabsorption (breakdown) is greater than bone building activity, leading to fragile bones and increased fracture risk | osteoporosis |
| damage to the structures of the inner ear, specifically the cochlea or vestibular system, leading to hearing loss, tinnitus, or balance problems; a side effect of some medications (ex: aminoglycosides) | ototoxicity |
| Care focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of a serious illness, with the goal of improving quality of life for both the patient and the family. Can be concurrent with curative treatment. | palliative care |
| Inflammation of the pancreas, which can be a rare but serious side effect of some medications, such as DPP-4 inhibitors used for diabetes. | pacreatitis |
| Conditions caused by substances (e.g., hormones) secreted by tumors, leading to manifestations of disease that are not directly related to the tumor's size or location (e.g., SIADH, Cushing's Syndrome, hypercalcemia in lung cance | paraneoplastic syndromes |
| Nutritional support delivered intravenously (e.g., TPN, PPN) when a patient cannot utilize the GI tract, providing all necessary nutrients. | parenteral nutrition (PN) |
| The most definitive type of cancer staging, determined by pathological assessment of tissues obtained from surgery. | Pathologic Staging (cancer) |
| A fracture that occurs because the bone is weakened by an underlying disease process, not necessarily due to significant trauma. | Pathologic/Fragility Fracture |
| The mechanisms that facilitate a continuous supply of nutrients and oxygenated blood to all body cells. | Perfusion |
| Encompasses the three phases of surgery: preoperative (before), intraoperative (during), and postoperative (after), focusing on patient safety, education, and optimal outcomes. | Perioperative Nursing Care |
| A chronic condition involving partial or total arterial occlusion that deprives the lower extremities of oxygen and nutrients, often due to atherosclerosis. | Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) |
| A general term for conditions that affect the blood vessels outside of the heart and brain, encompassing both arterial and venous diseases. | Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) |
| A urinary analgesic that relieves pain, burning, frequency, and urgency associated with urinary tract infections. It causes urine to turn a reddish-orange color. | Phenazopyridine HCl (Pyridium) |
| A buildup of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin within the inner lining of arteries, leading to hardening and narrowing. | Plaque (in artherosclerosis) |
| Excess fluid in the lungs resulting from an inflammatory process, leading to impaired gas exchange. | Pneumonia |
| Increased hunger, a symptom of hyperglycemia in diabetes, due to cells being unable to utilize glucose for energy. | Polyphagia |
| Increased urine production, a symptom of hyperglycemia in diabetes, caused by the osmotic effect of excess glucose in the urine. | Polyuria |
| Nursing care provided to a patient after death, including preparing the body, respecting cultural/religious practices, and managing personal belongings. | postmortem care |
| A localized thickening and coarsening of the skin, typically on the shins, a unique manifestation of Graves' disease. | pretibial myxedema |
| Removal of potentially cancerous tissue to prevent cancer development in individuals with a premalignant condition or strong genetic predisposition. | prophylactic surgery (cancer) |
| A blood test used for screening prostate cancer; elevated levels can indicate prostate issues. | prostate specific antigen (PSA) |
| Presence of protein in the urine, which can indicate kidney damage or disease. | proteinuria |
| Symptoms of depression involving either an increase in purposeless physical activity (agitation) or a noticeable slowing of thought and physical movement (retardation). | psychomootor agitation/retardation |
| scarring and thickening of lung tissue, a potential chronic side effect of radiation therapy to the chest | pulmonary fibrosis (as chronic effect of radiation) |
| Diagnostic tests that measure lung volumes and airflow, used to assess respiratory function and diagnose conditions like asthma and COPD. | pulmonary function tests (PFTs) |
| Increased blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, often leading to right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale) in COPD due to constricted lung vessels. | Pulmonary hypertension (in COPD) |
| The presence of pus or white blood cells in the urine, indicating infection or inflammation in the urinary tract. | pyuria |
| Fatigue that develops as a result of increased energy demands to repair damaged cells during radiation therapy. | radiation induced fatigue |
| Acute side effects of radiation exposure, including nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and bone marrow depression. | radiation sickness |
| A rare but very serious skeletal muscle adverse effect of some medications (e.g., statins, ezetimibe), involving the breakdown of muscle tissue. | rhabdomylosis |
| Kidney stones; formations of crystal aggregates in the urinary tract, most frequently in the kidneys, which can cause severe pain and obstruction. | renal calculi |
| A serious side effect of opioid analgesics where breathing becomes slow and shallow, potentially leading to hypoxemia. | respiratory depression (opioid induced) |
| Coarse rattling sounds, resembling snoring, heard in the lungs, usually caused by secretions in the larger airways. | rhonchi |
| A cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease, known for potential side effects including anorexia. | rivastigmine (exelon) |
| A malabsorption bariatric surgery that creates a small stomach pouch and bypasses a portion of the small intestine, leading to significant weight loss but also potential nutrient deficiencies. | Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RNYGB) |
| A community resource provided by the Alzheimer's Association to help locate individuals with Alzheimer's disease who wander. | safe return program (Alzheimer's) |
| A sideways curvature of the spine. | Scoliosis |
| A state where a patient is minimally reduced in consciousness, maintains airway and spontaneous ventilation, responds purposefully to commands, and retains protective reflexes. Used for minor procedures. | Sedation (Moderate/Consious) |
| A class of antidepressant medications (e.g., fluoxetine) that block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability in the brain. | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| A potentially fatal adverse effect of SSRIs, especially when combined with other serotonergic drugs, characterized by shivering, hyperreflexia, increased temperature, vital sign changes, and altered mental status. | Serotonin Syndrome |
| A non-invasive method using shock waves to break up kidney stones. | Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) |
| Guidelines for managing diabetes during illness, including frequent blood sugar monitoring, continuing insulin/oral agents, maintaining fluid intake, and checking for ketones. | Sick Day Rules (Diabetes) |
| Signs and Symptoms (S/S) of Infection | Common indicators of infection, such as fever, increased WBC count, redness, swelling, pain, and warmth at a localized site. |
| A method of fracture reduction where pins or wires are inserted directly into the bone, and a rigid external apparatus keeps the joint stable. | Skeletal Traction |
| Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the skin, primarily caused by sun exposure or chronic irritation. Types include squamous cell, basal cell, and melanoma. | Skin Cancer |
| One of the two main types of lung cancer, known for its aggressive growth and rapid spread. Often associated with paraneoplastic syndromes. | Small Lung Cell Cancer (SCLC) |
| Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks. | Social Determinants of Health |
| a surgical procedure that joins two or more vertebrae, often to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain from conditions like herniated discs | Spinal Fusion |
| A common type of skin cancer, appearing as a firm, nodular lesion with a crust or central ulceration, with a potential for metastasis. | Squamous Cell carcinoma |
| A class of antilipemic medications (e.g., atorvastatin, simvastatin) that inhibit cholesterol manufacturing in the liver, lowering LDL and slightly increasing HDL. | Statins |
| Fatty, oily stools, often a sign of malabsorption, seen in conditions like Crohn's disease. | Steatorrhea |
| Narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, causing back pain and other neurological symptoms. | Stenosis (Spinal) |
| A type of renal calculi commonly associated with urinary tract infections. | Struvite Stones |
| Air trapped under the skin, often felt as a crackling sensation, which can occur with certain traumas, including fractures. | Subcutaneous emphysema |
| An aminosalicylate medication used for inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis, with anti-inflammatory effects. | Sulfasalazine (5 ASA) |
| Increased confusion, anxiety, and agitation in individuals with Alzheimer's and dementia that begins at dusk and lasts into the night. | Sundowning |
| An oncologic emergency where the superior vena cava becomes blocked or compressed by a tumor, causing fluid backup in the upper body, which can be life-threatening. | Superior Vena Cava Syndrome (SVCS) |
| A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive body movements, which can be a side effect of long-term use of certain medications, such as metoclopramide (Reglan). | tardive dyskinesia |
| A type of radiation therapy where the radiation source is external to the patient. The patient is not radioactive after treatment. | tele-therapy (external beam radiation) |
| An unpleasant and urgent sensation to defecate, often associated with inflammatory bowel conditions like ulcerative colitis. | tenesmus |
| A condition characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and spasms, often due to electrolyte imbalances like hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia. | tetany |
| A class of antihypertensive medications (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide) that block sodium and water reabsorption in the renal tubule, promoting excretion and lowering blood pressure. | thiazide diuretics |
| A low platelet count (below 150,000/mm³), increasing the risk of bleeding. Spontaneous bleeding can occur if the count drops below 20,000/mm³. | thrombocytopenia |
| A severe and life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism, characterized by extreme hypermetabolism, tachycardia, fever, and altered mental status, which can lead to death. | thyroid storm |
| The signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, resulting from excessive thyroid hormone levels in the body. | thyrotoxicosis |
| A required safety protocol by The Joint Commission performed immediately before an invasive procedure to confirm the correct patient, site, and procedure. | time out (surgical) |
| A widely used system to describe the extent of cancer, based on the size of the Tumor, involvement of regional lymph Nodes, and presence of distant Metastasis. | TNM System (cancer staging) |
| A non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, sometimes used for depression, though less effective than ECT. | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
| A class of antidepressant medications (e.g., amitriptyline) that block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Known for side effects like orthostatic hypotension and anticholinergic effects, and a risk of cardiotox | Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) |
| A combination antibiotic commonly used for urinary tract infections, interfering with bacterial folic acid synthesis. | Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole |
| A carpopedal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff above systolic pressure for a few minutes; a sign of hypocalcemia. | Trousseau's Sign |
| A life-threatening oncologic emergency caused by the rapid breakdown of large bulky tumors, releasing intracellular contents (potassium, purines) faster than the kidneys can eliminate them, leading to hyperkalemia, hyperuricemi | Tumor Lysis Syndrome |
| A type of Inflammatory Bowel Disease characterized by continuous inflammation that begins in the rectum and can extend through the colon, affecting primarily the intestinal mucosa and leading to frequent bloody stools. | Ulcerative Colitis |
| A state where the Body Mass Index (BMI) is less than 19, indicating insufficient nutrient intake or absorption. | Undernutrition |
| An infection of any part of the urinary system, including the urethra (urethritis), bladder (cystitis), or kidneys (pyelonephritis), most commonly caused by E. coli. | Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) |
| The formation of stones (calculi) in the urinary tract. | Urolithiasis |
| A therapeutic communication method for individuals with moderate to late-stage dementia that emphasizes connecting with the person's emotions and beliefs, rather than correcting factual content. | Validation Therapy |
| A glycopeptide antibiotic effective against many gram-positive infections, including MRSA. Reserved for serious infections due to potential for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. | Vancomycin (Vancocin) |
| A type of neurocognitive disorder caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, often due to a series of small strokes. | Vascular Dementia (MIF) |
| The process of air flowing in and out of the alveoli in the lungs. | Ventilation |
| Three primary factors contributing to the formation of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT): stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability. | Virchow's Triad |
| A common and dangerous behavior in people with dementia where they may not remember their name or address and become disoriented, even in familiar places. | Wandering (Alzheimers) |
| An oral anticoagulant (Vitamin K antagonist) used for long-term anticoagulation, interfering with the synthesis of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors by the liver. It requires careful monitoring of INR. | Warfarin |
| A high-pitched, whistling sound heard on exhalation, characteristic of narrowed airways, as seen in asthma or COPD. | Wheeze |
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