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Pathology
Mid-Term Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What term means study of disease? | Pathology |
| What term means any illness that is characterized by certain signs and symptoms? | Disease |
| What term means a predictor of how a disease will progress and the chances of recovery? | Prognosis |
| What term means objective indicators of disease such as swelling, skin rashes, and fever? | Signs |
| Which term means subjective feeling such as headaches, nausea, pain, and anxiety? | Symptoms |
| Disease that is distributed throughout the body is called? | Systemic |
| Which type of a disease has an abrupt onset of severe signs and symptoms but runs a brief course? | Acute |
| What kind of disease develops gradually in last longer than 6 months? | Chronic |
| A period of partial or complete disappearance of the signs and symptoms of a chronic disease is called? | Remission |
| Which term means a period of increased signs and symptoms? | Exacerbation |
| Which process occurs when the body mistakes its own tissues for something foreign? | the tissues are attacked, and the immune system is depleted |
| A description that belongs to communicable diseases is that they are? | Infectious |
| Infectious agents can be spread through: | contact with the contaminated linens, contact with contaminated massage tools, contact with open containers of lubricant |
| Which term means an organism in which pathogens reside? | Host |
| Which term means the source of infection, living or inanimate? | Reservoir |
| Which term means a biological agent capable of causing disease? | Pathogen |
| effective exposure and successful transfer of pathogens results in? | contamination |
| Which type of infection develops vehicle transmission of organisms? | pathogens in a water source |
| Which choice is not one of the body's natural defense mechanisms against exposure to pathogens? | zinc supplements |
| Which term means a set of infection control measures developed by the Centers for Disease Control and prevention? | standard precautions |
| When a therapist feels symptoms of a cold or contagious illness, he or she should? | cancel appointments and offer to reschedule, or refer the client to an associate |
| Causative factors or origins of a disease are its? | Etiology |
| If a disease has an unknown cause is called: | idiopathic |
| What is the minimum number of seconds the hand should be washed? | 20 |
| Which condition is a local contraindication for massage? | inflamed lymph node |
| Which example is a positional modification of treatment for a client? | placing a supportive cushion under the abdomen |
| A client reporting a contagious disease is presenting with an: | absolute contradiction |
| Which type of infection are tineas? | Fungal |
| Which is a bacterial infection affecting hair follicles and their Associated sebaceous glands? | Acne |
| Which skin infection is caused by bacteria and is characterized by itching or burning pustules around the mouth, nose, and hands? | Impetigo |
| Paronychia is an infection found and what part of the body? | around the nails |
| Folliculitis most frequently occurs in what part of the body? | in the groin, axilla, or beard |
| What condition involves inflammation that is limited to hair follicles? | folliculitis |
| A collection of boils that coalesce to form a larger mass is called? | a carbuncle |
| Characterized by pain, redness, and swelling, which condition is due to infection and hair follicles that spread to surrounding areas? | boil |
| Cellulitis is an infection of: | skin and subcutaneous tissue |
| Which disease is a viral infection? | chicken pox |
| Fungal skin infections can be caused by? | dermatophytes |
| Which condition is a fungal skin infection characterized by a red, raised, and round or oval scaling area with a clear center? | Ringworm |
| A contagious superficial foot fungus characterized by skin discoloration and a ridge of red tissue is called? | athletes foot |
| Which term means athlete's foot? | Tinea Pedis |
| Onychomychosisis found on the? | Nails |
| Which condition is a small, benign mass due to the human papillomavirus? | wart |
| The term verruca means? | Wart |
| Which choice is an appropriate massage consideration for warts? | treat Linens as contaminated |
| Which highly contagious viral infection appears as an oral lesion and is caused by the herpes simplex virus? | cold sore |
| Which type of herpes simplex virus is most common? | type A |
| What condition presents itself as painful groups of vesicles in band-like patterns along affected dermatomes? | shingles |
| Which condition results from reactivation of the varicella zoster virus? | shingles |
| When is a massage for a client with chickenpox contraindicated? | until the client is completely recovered |
| Which condition is an inflammation disorder characterized by dry skin that is scaly leathery or crusty and may itch or burn? eczema | eczema |
| massage considerations for a client with eczema include: | adjusting pressure and avoiding open wounds |
| Approximately 30% of people with moderate or severe psoriasis will develop? | Arthritis |
| Massage considerations for a client with psoriasis include? | using a highly lubricant to benefit the client |
| What type of dermatitis is due to allergic reactions of the skin when it comes into contact with various substances? | contact |
| Two main types of contact dermatitis are | irritant and allergic |
| For contact dermatitis is best to postpone massage if: | the affected area is widespread |
| Seborrheic dermatitis is a condition marked by changes and quality of: | Secretions of the sebaceous glands |
| What chronic inflammatory disorder typically involves only the middle third of the face, and is characterized by persistent redness and swelling? | rosacea |
| Which condition is an autoimmune disorder characterized by overproduction of collagen that affects the skin and internal organs? | scleroderma |
| Massage considerations for a client with Scleroderma include that it: is indicated and beneficial Which factor can cause hives? | emotional stress |
| Ichthyosis vulgaris is described as a? | group of disorders that cause disruption of: skin cell generation and removal |
| Which disorder involves highly contagious parasites, typically diagnosed by the presence of nits on the hair shaft? | lice |
| Which condition is highly contagious infestation caused by burrowing parasites and mites? | scabies |
| Where on the body are scabies often found? | in the creases of skin |
| Massage considerations for bruises include that they are: | locally contraindicated until they turn greenish yellow or if gentle pressure is painful |
| A second degree burn affects which tissue layers? | the epidermis and upper layers of the dermis |
| Massage considerations for a client with a burn include? | local contraindication for all degrees until the affected area is completely healed |
| What condition involves tearing, thinning, or overstretching of the skin that begins as red pink streaks and eventually Fading Into silvery white? | stretch marks |
| Massage considerations for stretch marks include? | deep friction to release adhesions |
| Which statement describes tissue presenting with scars? | tissue loses function |
| What is the term for a thick, elevated scar that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound? | keloid |
| Massage considerations for Scar Tissue include: | using deep friction and skin rolling to mobilize the scar tissue |
| The term for a thickening of the skin on the top or sides of the toes is? | corn |
| Massage considerations for a client who has calluses on the feet include? | avoiding the affected area if it is painful |
| A description of decubitus ulcers includes that they are? | caused by lack of blood supply to an area subjected to sustained pressure |
| If a massage therapist notices a client has a decubitus ulcer, which action is appropriate for the massage therapist to take? | avoid performing massager over the areas and notify the clients caregiver |
| Massage considerations for a client diagnosed with a basal cell carcinoma include? | ask the client about current signs and symptoms as well as their side effects of cancer treatments |
| Massage considerations for a client with osteoarthritis include? | avoiding joints that are red and hot to the touch |
| Massage considerations for a client with spondylosis include? | aWhich condition is characterized by loss of normal bone density and subsequent increased susceptibility to fractures? |
| Inadequate mineralization of mature bones, causing them to become soft, flexible, and deformed, is called? | Osteomalacia |
| A progressive bone disease marked by abnormal and excessive bone remodeling that results in weakened and deformed bones is called? | Paget’s disease |
| Massage considerations for a client diagnosed with osteomyelitis include? | avoiding massage until the infection is resolved in medical clearance is given |
| Which disorder is genetic and causes abnormality in the connective tissues of many body systems? | Marfan syndrome |
| Which muscles are most likely tight and need lengthening in a client with lordosis? | hip flexors |
| A structure deformity in which the first metatarsophalangeal joint becomes immediately displaced is called: | bunion |
| Massage considerations for a client with Pes planus include? | using deep gliding needing and friction on calf muscles |
| Anterior displacement of the vertebra, usually in the lumbar spine, is called: | spondylolisthesis |
| A client with patellofemoral syndrome who has little to no local swelling may benefit most from: | Deep gliding, kneading, friction and myofascial release on the affected quadriceps and hamstring |
| Another term for patellofemoral syndrome is? | chondromalacia patella |
| An accumulation of synovial fluid behind the knee is called? | Baker's cyst n |
| Which condition is inflammation of the bursa? | bursitis |
| Massage consideration for chronic bursitis include: | deep friction and mobilization |
| Headaches earaches toothaches and jaw pain are common symptoms for which condition? | temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJ) |
| Which condition is characterized by progressive damage and eventual loss of articular cartilage due to normal wear and tear related to aging? | osteoarthritis |
| Which term also refers to osteoarthritis? | degenerative joint disease |
| Considerations for client with rheumatoid arthritis question is indicated: | only in periods of remission |
| Chronic systemic inflammatory arthritis leading to calcification and fusion of the joint is called? | ankylosing spondylitis |
| Lyme disease which begins with a bullseye rash occurs when one is bitten by a tick carrying which pathogen? | Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria |
| Massage considerations for septic arthritis include? | absolute contraindication until the condition has resolved and medical clearance is given |
| A muscle that appears small, loose, and flattened with reduced strength is considered? | Atrophied |
| A shortening of the muscle that causes a joint to become fixated in a flexed position is called? | Contracture |
| The condition marked by shortening and thickening of the palmar fascia that may cause digits 3-5 to be pulled into a flex position is called? | Dupuytren contracture |
| Which of the following is not a type of headache? | Trigeminal |
| Myofascial pain syndrome is associated with which condition? | the presence of localized trigger points |
| Which statement is not true when massaging a client diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome? | the treatment plan should be identical from session to session to ensure consistent progress |
| The deposition of calcium in soft tissue that has been traumatized by an injury describes which condition? | Myositis ossificans |
| Which injury involves bones being temporarily displaced at the joint with complete loss of contact between their articulating surfaces? | dislocation |
| Which injury is a break in a bone? | fracture |
| Which injury involves joint trauma that stretches or tears ligaments without bone for displacement? | sprain |
| Which choice is not a consideration for massage of a ligament sprain? | deep stretching may be beneficial for healing the ligament |
| A strain is an injury to a? | muscle or it's tendon |
| Inflammation of a tendon is called? | tendonitis |
| Which treatment plan is most appropriate for a client with tendonitis in the chronic stage? | cross fiber friction to the affected tendon followed by Ice application |
| Inflammation of a tendon of the attachment to the bone is called: | epicondylitis |
| Massage considerations for a client with Quervain tenosynovitis include that it is: | A local contraindication if inflammation is present |
| Massage consideration for a client with Osgood-Schlatter disease include using friction around the knee to reduce adhesions once inflammation has abated | Using friction around the knee to reduce adhesions once inflammation has abated |
| Which condition involves spasms to the sternocleidomastoid muscles? | Torticollis |
| Which group of muscles is also commonly involved in torticollis? | scalenes, trapezius and splenius capitis and cervicis |
| A client was rear-ended in heavy traffic 2 days ago and has a stiff neck but no other symptoms. She stated that her head was thrown back then forward. Which massage approaches appropriate? | postpone the massage for at least 72 hours after the injury. and then treat the flexors and extensors of the neck followed by Ice application. |
| Which statement describes what occurred to the structures of the neck with whiplash? | a rapid acceleration deceleration contrast force |
| A disorder of the shorter joint and its cup so which of them becomes inflamed and eventually stiff and frozen, is called? | adhesive capsulitis |
| Which condition is a lateral curvature of the normally straight vertical line of the spine usually in the thoracic region? | scoliosis |
| Which condition is a benign mass consisting of a thin fibers capsule and closing clear gelatinous fluid and usually located on the wrist? | ganglion cyst |
| A collection of rare genetic muscle diseases characterized by skeletal muscle atrophy is called? | muscular dystrophy |
| Which condition involves diffuse soft tissue pain and the presence of multiple tender points? | fibromyalgia syndrome |
| Which course of action is most appropriate for a client with an acute strain? | That the damaged area is a local contraindication |
| What consideration applies if a client with cerebral palsy cannot speak clearly? | the therapist and client must devise a communication code |
| Which condition is a congenital defect characterized by failure of the posterior spinous processes of the vertebral column to close, usually in the lumbar spine? | spina bifida |
| Considerations for clients with less severe forms of spina bifida include: | that massage is indicated while avoiding the area over the spinal defect |
| Which term means explosive episodes of uncontrolled and excessive electrical activity in the brain? | Seizure |
| Which course of action is appropriate for the massage therapist to take if a client appears to be having a seizure? | stay calm remain in the room time the seizure clear the area of objects and cushion the client's head with the client's chin lifted |
| Which term means paralysis of the arms and legs? | Quadriplegic |
| Which type of paralysis involves only the lower extremities and trunk? | Paraplegia |
| Which statement is an appropriate consideration when massaging a client with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? | the client may fidget talk and miss appointments |
| A person with autism is most likely to benefit from which type of treatment? | 15 minutes sessions focused on firm gliding and compressive Strokes |
| Inflammation of the brain is called? | Encephalitis |
| Which infectious disease is caused by the poliovirus? | poliomyelitis |
| Which treatment approach is appropriate for a client with post-polio syndrome? | 30 minute sessions using lighter than normal techniques |
| Dementia typically interferes with work and social activities because it: | affects thinking memory and communicating |
| Which condition is a type of dementia that produces a typical profile of mental deterioration? | Alzheimer's disease |
| Which is a rare genetic disease characterized by motor disturbances, mental deterioration, and abnormal behavior? | Parkinson's disease |
| A person with Huntington disease develops: | progressive muscle atrophy in the thorax and limbs |
| Which neurologic disorder produces a syndrome of abnormal movements marked by destruction of dopamine producing neurons in the brain? | Parkinson's disease |
| Which disorder results in progressive neural demyelination? | multiple sclerosis |
| Massage considerations for a client with multiple sclerosis include: | |
| What is known of the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? | largely unknown, 10% of cases are genetic |
| Amyotropic lateral sclerosis affects which physiologic aspect of the body? | motor function |
| Which condition is due to occlusion or rupture of blood vessels causing disruption in cerebral blood flow? | Stroke |
| The two main types of stroke are? | Ischemic and hemorrhagic |
| Migraine headaches appear to be caused by: | chemical imbalance that dilates and inflames blood vessels |
| Which term is the same as trigeminal neuralgia? | Tic douloureux |
| Massage considerations for a client with trigeminal neuralgia include? | avoiding the face and scalp |
| Massage considerations for a client with Bell's Palsy include: | incorporating light gliding directed upward on facial muscles |
| Which disorder is caused by a loss of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction? | Myasthenia gravis |
| Myasthenia gravis results in: | progressive muscle weakness |
| Massage considerations for a client with Guillain Barre Syndrome include: | Assisting client on and off the massage table because of medications. |
| Peripheral neuropathy affects which structures? | sensory nerves motor nerves or both |
| Massage considerations for clients with degenerative disc include | gentle gliding over the affected area after positioning the client for comfort |
| Which condition involves protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through a tear in the annulus fibrosis? | Herniated disc |
| Which condition is inflammation of the sciatic nerve? | Sciatica |
| Which condition is most often due to repetitive use of the wrist? | carpal tunnel syndrome |
| Which nerve is most affected in people with carpal tunnel syndrome? | median |
| The term frequently used to denote a cerebrovascular accident is? | Stroke |
| Which action is recommended for a massage therapist prevent developing carpal tunnel syndrome? | Strengthen hands and wrists |
| Which condition is caused by a compression of nerves in the brachial plexus and or the subclavian artery in vein? | thoracic outlet syndrome |
| Which disease is due to overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary causing gigantism during childhood or acromegaly during adulthood? | Hyperpituitarism |
| Which disease is characterized by enlargement of the hands, feet and face with protrusion of the jaw? | acromegaly |
| Which condition results in dwarfism if it occurs during childhood? | hypopituitarism |
| Massage considerations for a client whose body is underdeveloped as dwarfism as a result of hypopituitarism include: | treatment modifications are unnecessary |
| Which disease is caused by insufficient antidiuretic hormone? | Diabetes insipidus |
| Vigorous massage with a client tolerance is indicated for a client with diabetes insipidus if:the client: | has good vitality |
| Which condition is more prevalent in countries with inadequate intake of dietary iodine? | goiter Which diseases characterized by hyperthyroidism? |
| What sign or symptom characterizes Graves disease? | unusual protrusion of the eyeballs |
| Which disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United states? | Hashimoto |
| Which statement describes thyroid cancer? | the 5-year survival rate is 97%, |
| Which condition is due to an overproduction of parathyroid hormone resulting in muscle weakness fatigue and hypertension? | hyperparathyroidism |
| Which condition results from diminished function of the parathyroid gland leading to hypocalcemia? | hypoparathyroidism |
| Aside from the thyroid, which other organ when dysfunctional can be linked to elevated calcium levels in the body? | kidney |
| Which condition results in dry skin making massage using an emollient lubricant helpful for the client? | hypoparathyroidism |
| Which disorder involves hypercortisolism? | Cushing disease |
| Which statement characterizes Cushing's syndrome? | fatigue and muscle weakness |
| Which disease results from chronic adrenal insufficiency and is characterized by general weakness and bronzing of the skin and mucous membranes? | Addison |
| Which condition is a group of disorders characterized by chronic elevated blood glucose levels? | diabetes mellitus |
| Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs is called? | shock |
| Which condition is caused by reduced blood supply to the heart and is experienced as chest pain? | angina pectoris |
| A person with a history of angina pectoris should always carry which medication? | nitroglycerin Which action is a consideration for a client with arrhythmia? |
| The three p's of diabetes mellitus are? | polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia |
| Which condition requires regular blood glucose monitoring? | diabetes mellitus |
| Which condition is a complication of diabetes mellitus? | reduced sensations |
| Which consideration is necessary for massaging a client with insulin dependent type 1 diabetes? | avoid massage over recent injection sites for 24 hours |
| Which condition results from decreased blood glucose levels? | hypoglycemia |
| Which condition can lead to insulin shock? | hypoglycemia |
| Which type of Diabetes represents more than 90% of all cases? | type 2 |
| Which pathogen is most likely to infect individuals with diabetes mellitus because of sugar in balance? | fungi |
| A consideration for massage for a client with type 1 diabetes is? | keeping sugar juice or clients glucose tablets readily available if in the event of a hypoglycemic episode |
| Which condition can lead to a diabetic coma? | Hyperglycemia |
| Hyperglycemia is a common complication of which condition? | diabetes mellitus |
| Which of the following terms mean excessive thirst? | polydipsia |
| Which term means low blood calcium levels? | hypocalcemia |
| Massage considerations for clients with anemia resulting from nutritional deficiencies include: | paying attention to any underlying conditions |
| Which condition is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin causing red blood cells to become deformed? | sickle cell disease |
| The genetic disorder that impairs blood clotting mechanisms and may result in excessive bruising is called? | hemophilia |
| Which is an appropriate massage approach for a client at risk for thrombosis? | avoid deep pressure and vigorous massage on the lower extremities |
| Which condition occurs when the embolus occludes a blood vessel cutting off circulation? | Embolism |
| Which condition involves the inability of the heart to pump blood to meet the body's demands? | congestive heart failure |
| The systemic inflammatory condition that may develop as a complication after an untreated streptococcal throat infection is called? | rheumatic fever |
| What is inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart called? | myocarditis |
| What is inflammation of the pericardium called? | pericarditis |
| Endocarditis, myocarditis, and pericarditis involve inflammation of the: | Interior lining of the heart, muscular wall of the heart, and sac surrounding the heart |
| What is a common often asymptomatic disorder of sustained and elevated blood pressure? | hypertension |
| Which consideration is appropriate for a client with controlled hypertension? | assistance off the table may be necessary if orthostatic hypertension is present |
| Which disorder is localized weakness of the blood vessel wall? | aneurysm |
| Which disorder is characterized by cycles of vasospasms typically superficial tissues of fingers and toes? | Raynaud disease |
| Considerations for a client with Raynaud disease include: | that massage may improve local circulation what administered between attacks |
| An inflammatory condition of small and medium-sized arteries of the extremities strongly associated with the long-term use of smoking tobacco is? | thromboangiitis obliterans |
| Which condition is inflammation of the veins? | Phlebitis |
| Which condition is due to dilated veins causing their valves to become incompetent? | varicose veins |
| Which of the following is not a consideration for a client with varicose veins? | massage the area proximal to varicosities first to encourage venous return |
| If a vein inflammation is accompanied by thrombosis formation the condition is referred to as? | Thrombophlebitis |
| A sudden drop in blood pressure when moving from a line down or sitting position to an upright or standing position causing a loss of balance is called? | orthostatic hypertension |
Created by:
Afulton
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