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History 1010 Bian
Test #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Civilization | a form of human culture characterized by the existence of cities, a distinct religious structure, a new political and military structure, a new social structure, and writing |
| Bureaucracy | an administration of a government mainly through bureaus or departments staffed with non-elected or appointed officials |
| Cuniform | a writing system invented by using reed styluses in 3000BC |
| Mesopotamia | became a civilized societs beginning in 6000BC and continuing into 1500BC. It contained the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
| Ur, Uruk, Eridu, and Legash | all cities formed around 3000 BC under the Sumerians |
| City States | acted as formal government institutions in which they acted as an independent country |
| Sargon | the leader of the very first city state Akkadain, in Mesopotamia. |
| Hammurabi | leader of the Babylonian Empire which replaced the Akkadian society |
| The Code of Hammurabi | 1750 BC, a set of laws put into place in the Babylonian Empire. These laws marked the transition of human society as it moved away from customs and traditions and began to govern under a bureaucracy |
| 558 BC to 651 CE Persian Empire | perisan empire was on the rise. political traditions, philosophies, and religious groups were all proof that the dynasties were evolving |
| Cyrus | ruler of the Achaemenid Dynasty from 558-530 BC. Cyrus laid down the foundation for the empire after he had overthrown the Medes. |
| Medes | and ancient Iranian people who live in present day Iran. |
| Pasargade | the capitol of the Achaemenid Dynasty under Cyrus |
| Darius | took over the Achaemenid Dynasty from Cyrus and began imperial expansion. |
| Persepolis | where Darius moved the Achaemenid capitol. It remained there until it was invaded and conquered by Alexander the Great |
| Satraps | appointed officials who were assigned to watch over a specific province called |
| Satrapy | a specific province which were overseen by satraps |
| Zoroastrianism | the primary religious tradition of the Persian civilization. |
| Ahura Mazda | the supreme deity of zoroastrianism. was a gentle and good spirit who faced an evil adversary who he would defeat after 12,000 years |
| Angra Mainyu | ahura mazda's evil adversary |
| Magi | specialized class of people who acted like priests. they made the calendars and taught zoroaster values |
| Avesta | the zoroastrian scripture of their beliefs. |
| Muhammad | the last prophet, was born in mecca around 570 CE. was orphaned and was raised by his grandfather and then uncle who became his mentor |
| Khadija | the woman Muhammad first worked for and ultimately married. she encouraged him to obey Gabriel after his defining moment making her the first follower of Islam |
| Quran | the scripture of the islamic community |
| Allah | the supreme deity of Islam. believed to be the ruler of the entire universe. would reward the good and punish the evil |
| Medina | town to the north of mecca where Muhammad and his followers relocated after the rise of Islam resulted in tensions with local shrines in mecca |
| Year 622 | the year Muhammed relocated to Medina, marks year 1 on the islamic calendar |
| Umma | means community of the faithful, was organized by the muslims. |
| Conquest of Mecca | in 630 Muhammad led 10,000 people to mecca to reform their social structure. in the end he conquered the city and dedicated it to Allah |
| Theocracy | a government ruled by a religious authority, was the form of government present in Medina |
| Mosque | a muslim house of worship. |
| Hajj | the holy pilgrimage to ka'ba set up by muhammad in 632. |
| Abu Bakr | was selected to rule after Muhammad. he did not succeed as a prophet, but as a caliph, which is like a lieutenant. |
| Umayyad Dynasty | existed from 661-750. new problems arose revolving around how to rule newly gained conquered lands. caused serious discontent between political and economical groups. those who didnt convert to islam proposed to tax those who did. was overthrown |
| Abu-Al Abbas | leader of the Abbasid Dynasty |
| Abbasid Dynasty | far more cosmpolitan than the Umayyad. Was not conquest dynasty, they were content with the exisiting empire . |
| Baghdad | abbasid capital city built in 762 |
| Ulama | group of religious scholars within local communities of the Abbasid dynasty. Responsible to setting moral and ethical standards, and settling differences and disputes. Extremely knowledgeable about Muhammad and his teachings |
| Revealed Knowledge | refers to the quran, people of the muslim culture begin studying the quran at an early age |
| Hadith | another form of revealed knowledge, was the sayings and doings of the muslim community. |
| Sharia | last form of revealed knowledge, and is the law of the Muslims. became the constitution and system of fundamental principals within the muslim community. |
| Rational Knowledge | came from the Persians, Greeks, Indians, and the expansion of the Islamic empire. Less important than revealed knowledge but still had a big impact on the society. dealt more with science and technologies. |
| Mystical Knowledge | also known as sufism. belief in intuitive spiritual revelation: personal communication or union with the divine was achieved through faith or sudden insight rather than rational thought. |
| Madrasa | an educational institution in islamic societies that emerged in the 11th century. within these schools, the Ulama would dictate text to the students and they were to memorize it. |
| Sufis | people in charge of transmitting informal knowledge. they could reach every level of islamic society as well as adapt from local conditions. |
| Sunni | members of the largest branch of Islam. they believe that the first three caliphs were all legitimate successors to Muhammad. Treat the Quran as a god-like figure. Represent 85% of all Muslims |
| Shiite | muslim minority. believed tat Ali should have been the first caliph. they had a strong belief that human authority should be the basis of their belief system, not the Quran |
| Grand Vizier | controlled central bureaucracy and was the chief of administration |
| Military Patronage State | was when the Islamic state was structutred as a vast military institution. All state functions were absorbed into the royal military household, and within the military bureaucrats and religious officials were ranked and paid like military elite |
| Ottoman Empire | established by the ottoman turks, initially a nomadic community |
| Anatolia | where the Ottoman Turks originated |
| Seljuk Turks | very large empire that united the traditionally nomadic Turkish dynasty. They were no match to the Mughal military scale and eventually lost control of their territories |
| Osman | very effective at attacking the Seljuk Turks and gaining territory. Defeated the Byzantine Empire |
| Emirate | a nation or territory ruled by an empire |
| Bursa | Osman lead a successful capture of this city in 1326. this major battle marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire |
| Sultan | the name for the ruler of a Muslim community. |
| Topkapi Palace | the heart of the Ottoman Empire and center of imperial meetings. Built 6 years after the destruction of Constantinople, it was home to the Sultan and his family and servants |
| Harem | the private women's living quarters found in every household |
| Topkapi Harem | women who gave birth to a son were dubbed concubines. The sultan would have several concubines |
| Eunuchs | castrated males who staffed the Topkapi Harem |
| Law of Fratricide | sultan would exectue all but one of his brothers, uncles, and nephews and the Sultan would designate a son to succeed him. |
| Sultan Murad | the armed forces branch in the Ottoman Empite. Began as recruited slave troops organized into an infantry. |
| Janissaries | recruited slave troops organized into an infantry. They were either volunteers or prisoners who were forced to serve. There were the first organized army . relied completley on sultan for livelihood |
| Devshirme | system under Ottoman Empire that required each province to provide a given number of Christian boys, who were in turn raised as Muslims to serve as soldiers in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy. Young males ages 8-18 were divided based on skills. |
| Divan | the location where the state affairs were discussed and the business of running the Ottoman Empire were carried out |
| Imperial Council | met at the Divan, consisted of the Grand Vizier, viziers, and other leading officials. Normally met 4 times a week/ |
| 4 Compartments of the Ottoman Empire | Imperial palace, armed forces, central bureaucracy, and learned institutions |
| Crete | first important society in the formative period of European civilization |
| Minoan Civilization | society classified by its monumental architecture. Also an extremely complex society. Society full of traders and merchants |
| Knossos Palace | most pretentious palace in history, Minoan Civilization. Complete lack of physical defenses surrounding palace |
| Mycenaeans | invaded the Minoan Civilization and lead to their collapse. their civilization was heavily fortified and located on hillsides. Used a writing system called linear B |
| Dark Age | 1200-700 BC where there was a disappearance of civilized life |
| Archais Age | followed the dark age, new forms of government and institutions were invented |
| Polis | small but autonomous political unit in which all major political, social, and religious activities were carried out at one central location |
| City-States | political structure of Athens in the 5th Century. consisted of governing aristocrats who were head of the political social and economic elite |
| Chief Archon Solon | eased tensions between the classes. Abolished debt and slavery and freed all those enslaved by debt. |
| Tyrant | greeks used this term to describe a leader who came into power in an unconstitutional way and was not subject to law. They were welcomed by their citizens and played an important role in aristocratic government |
| Democracy | government by the PEOPLEm exercised either directly or through representatives |
| Aristocracy | government by the ruling CLASS especially heredity nobility |
| Oligarchy | goverment by a FEW, especially by a small faction of persons or families |
| Monarchy | government by a ruler of the state (such as the king of france) |
| Tyranny | a government in which a SINGLE RULER is vested with absolute power and authority |
| Anarchy | Lack of government or absence of any form of political authority |
| Constitutional Government | a state in which government authority is limited or regulated by a constitution |
| Cleisthenes | came into power after the fall of the tyrants. redid the map of Attica into 10 tribes. 1. Weakend power of aristocracy by redrawing map 2. Reinforced central role of assembly of males 3. established foundation of Athenian democracy |
| Ten Tribes | Cleithenes dictated the 10 tribes, which acted as administrative units. Each one of the tribes chose 50 members to represent them, making up a total council of 500 |
| Lot System | the use of objects to decide the 50 members from each tribe, such as drawing straws |
| Plato | considered the greatest philosopher. Witnessed the collapse of Athenian empire, saw the brutality and witnessed execution of his mentor Socrates. Developed hatred for Athenian democracy and profound distrust of peoples ability to tell right from wrong |
| Peloponnesian War | fought by athens against sparta. Athens lost all of its power and never regained its pre-war prosperity |
| Theory of Ideal Forms | According to PLato there are 2 different worlds, one where humans live and one of ideal forms. Our world is a pale imperfect reflection of the ideal world. |
| The Republic | first major work in utopian literature. outlined what an ideal state was based on Plato's theory of ideal forms. |
| Utopia | an ideally perfect place, especially in social, political, and moral aspects. Divided into 4 social groups: 1. Slaves 2. Farmers, Artisans, Tradesmen 3. Auxiliaries 4. Guardians |
| Farmers, Artisans, Tradesmen | the only property owners in a utopian society |
| Auxiliaries | most promising children of slaves. they were in charge of protecting the ideal state from both internal and external dangers |
| Guardians | selected according to their amount of higher education. at the ago of 35 they would finally be ready to undertake the task of governing |
| Plato Academy | the first university that went beyond philosophical studies, offered math, astronomy, and physical science courses. |
| Aristotle | student of the Plato Academy, he studied under plato for 50 years, and later went on to be the tutor of Alexander the GReat |
| Theory of Form and Matter | Aristotles theory. form is defined as the ultimate reality and universal principal and matter is the material manifestation of form. The 2 are inseparable. highest form of existence in the rational being |
| Mediteranean Triad | olives, vines, and cereals. central to the agriculture system in Greece. However cereals were not produced in mass so they had to eventually rely on trade to support the population. |
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