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A&P Lab Unit 1
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Differential / Selective / Permeablity | Allows nutrients to enter the cell, but keeps out undesirable substances |
| Passive processes | Concentration or pressure differences drive the movement. |
| Active Processes | The cell provides energy (ATP) to power the transport process. |
| Concentration gradient | Difference in concentration |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. |
| Simple Diffusion | The unassisted diffusion of solutes through a differentially permeable membrane. |
| Osmosis | The flow of water across a differentially permeable membrane |
| Hypertonic | A solution surrounding a cell which contains more non-penetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell. |
| Hypotonic | A solution surrounding a cell which contains fewer non-penetrating solute particles than the interior of the cell. |
| Isotonic | A solution surrounding a cell which contains the same amount of non-penetrating solute particles as the interior of the cell. |
| Crenation | Crinkling-up process due to hypertonic solution |
| Hemolysis | Rupture of erythrocytes |
| Active Transport | Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis. |
| Vesicular transport | The movement of large particles and macromolecules across a plasma membrane. |
| Endocytosis | Means by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells. |
| Exocytosis | Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. |
| Phagocytosis | Engulfing of foreign solids by cells. |
| Pinocytosis | Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells. |
| Fluid-phase Endocytosis | Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells. |
| Receptor-mediated Endocytosis | One of three types of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs. |
| Cell | Structural unit of all living things |
| Nucleus | Control center of a cell; contains genetic material |
| Plasma Membrane | Separates cell contents from the surrounding environment. |
| Cytoplasm | The cellulat material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane. |
| Chromatin | Structures in the nucleus that carry hereditary factors |
| Chromosomes | Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin, visible during cell division |
| Nucleoli | Dense spherical bodies in the cell nucleus involved with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly. |
| Nuclear Envelope | The double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus. |
| Cytosol | Viscous, semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended. |
| Organelles | Small cellular structures that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole. |
| Ribosomes | Tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; actual sites of protein synthesis; floating free or attached to a membranous structure in the cytoplasm. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Membranous system of tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm; two varieties – rough is studded with ribosomes and smooth, which has no function in protein synthesis. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles; found close to the nucleus |
| Lysosomes | Various-sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes; function to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter cell; have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured |
| Mitochondria | Generally rod-shaped bodies with a double-membrane wall; inner membrane is thrown into folds, or cristae; contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP); often referred to as “powerhouses of the cell” |
| Cytoskeletal Elements | Provide cellular support; function in intracellular transport |
| Microtubule | Form the internal structure of the centrioles and help determine cell shape |
| Intermediate Filaments | Stable elements composed of a variety of proteins and resist mechanical forces acting on cells |
| Microfilament | Formed largely of actin and are important in cell mobility |
| Centrioles | Paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus, direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division; forms the bases of cilia and flagella. |
| Mitosis | Process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei; nuclear division |
| Meiosis | Nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by half and results in the formation of four haploid cells; occurs only in certain reproductive organs. |
| Chromatid | Double-stranded structures of chromosomes |
| Centromere | Small median body connected to chromatid |
| Cytokinesis | The division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided |
| Mitotic Spindle | System of microtubules which acts as scaffolding for the attachment and movement of the chromosomes |
| Asters | ”Stars” radiate outward from the ends of the mitotic spindle |
| Interphase | One of two major periods of cell life cycle; includes the period from cell formation to cell division |
| Prophase | The first stage or mitosis, consisting of coiling of the chromosomes accompanied by migration of the two daughter centrioles toward the poles of the cell, and nuclear membrane breakdown. |
| Metaphase | The second stage of mitosis |
| Anaphase | The third stage of mitosis,meiosisI, and meiosis II in which daughter chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell. |
| Telophase | The final stage of mitosis. Begins when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cell has been completed and ends with the formation of two daughter nuclei |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers surfaces, cells fit closely together to form membranes, supported by connective tissue, no blood supply(avascularity), easily regenerate |
| Epithelial Tissue | Membranes always have one free surface, called the apical surface, and typically that surface is significantly different from the basal surface. |
| Shapes of Epithelia | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| Connective Tissue | The most abundant and widely distributed tissue type. |
| Connective Tissue | Rich supply of blood vessels, composed of many types of cells, noncellular and nonliving material (matrix) between the cells. |
| Types of Connective Tissue | Areolar, Adipose, Reticular, and Dense; Cartilage, Bone, and Blood |
| Extracelluar Matrix | collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers; collagen fibers are most abundant |
| Nervous Tissue | Composed of neuroglia and neurons. |
| Neuroglia | Supporting cells that protect, support, and insulate neurons. |
| Neurons | Highly specialized to receive stimuli and to conduct waves of excitation to all parts of the body. |
| Muscle Tissue | Highly specialized to contract and produces most types of body movement |
| Types of Muscle Tissue | Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle (visceral muscle) |
| Differential Permiability | Plasma membrane that allows nutrients to enter cell, but keeps out undesirable substances |
| Active Transport | The cell provides energy (ATP) to power the transport |
| Passive Transport | Driven by concentration or pressure differences between the interior and exterior of the cell |
| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration. |
| Simple Diffusion | Diffusion of solute particles dissolved in water through a differentially permeable membrane |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Solutes combine with carrier protein molecules in the membrane and are being transported along or down their concentration gradient. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane |
| Solute Pump | Protein carrier molecule |
| Pinocytosis | The cell membrane sinks beneath the material to form a small vesicle, which then pinches off into the cell interior. Most common for taking in liquids containing protein or fat |
| Phagocytosis | Parts of plasma membrane and cytoplasm expand and flow around a relatively large or solid material such as bacteria or cell debris and engulf it, forming a membranous sac |
| Golgi Apparatus | plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzymes. |
| Integument | Skin |
| Hypodermis | Superficial Fascia |
| Epidermis | The avascular, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consisting for four distinct cell types and four or five distinct layers. |
| Keratinocytes | The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin fibrils. |
| Keratin | A fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and protective capabilities. |
| Melanocytes | Spidery black cells that produce melanin to protect the nuclei of the cells in the deeper epidermal layers. |
| Epidermal dendritic cells | Play a role in immunity |
| Tactile (Merkel) cells | Form sensitive touch receptors in conjunction with sensory nerve endings. |
| Layers of the Epidermis | Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum |
| Stratum Basale | A single row of cells immediately adjacent to the dermis. The cells are constantly undergoing mitosis. |
| Stratum Spinosum | Spiny layer |
| Stratum Spinosum | Several cell layers immediately superficial to the basal layer. Cells divide rapidly, but less rapidly than the basal layer. |
| Stratum Granulosum | Granular layer |
| Stratum Granulosum | A thin layer consisting of two types of granules: lamellated granules and keratohyaline granules. Granules combine with intermediate filaments to form keratin fibrils. |
| Stratum Lucidum | Clear layer |
| Stratum Lucidum | Very thin translucent band of flattened dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries. NOT present in regions of thin skin. Cells are dead. |
| Stratum Corneum | Horny layer |
| Stratum Corneum | Outermost epidermal layer consists of 20-30 cell layers. Cells are dead and fully keratinized. |
| Layers of the Dermis | Papillary and Reticular |
| Papillary layer | Most superficial dermal layer composed of areolar connective tissue. Uneven layer with finger like projections. |
| Dermal Papillae | Fingerlike projections attached to the epidermis in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet causing friction ridges. |
| Reticular layer | The deepest skin layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Contains: arteries, veins, sweat glands, subaceous glands, and pressure receptors. |
| Nail Body | The visible attached portion |
| Nail Free Edge | The portion of the nail that grows out away from the body |
| Nail Root | The part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed |
| Nail Folds | Skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail |
| Nail Eponychium | The thick proximal nail fold commonly called the cuticle |
| Nail Bed | Extenstion of the stratum basale beneath the nail |
| Nail Matrix | The thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth |
| Lunule | The proximal region of the thickened nail matrix, which appears as a white crescent. |
| Hair Bulb | Collection of well-nourished germinal epithelial cells at the basal end of the hair follicle |
| Hair Follicle | A structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells. A small nipple of dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb from the connective tissue sheath and provides nutrition to the growing hair is called papilla |
| Arrector pili muscle | Small band of smooth muscle cells connect each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis |
| Sebaceous Glands | Found all over the skin except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; the ducts usually empty into a hair follicle. |
| Sebum | The product of sebaceous glands; a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells that acts as a lubricant to keep the skin soft and moist. |
| Sweat Glands | Sudoriferous Glands |
| Eccrine Glands | Produce clear perspiration consisting primarily of water, salts, and urea |
| Apocrine Glands | Found primarily in the axillary and genital areas; secrete a milky protein and fat rich substance |
| Epithelial Membrane | A simple organ consisting of an epithelial sheet bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue proper |
| Cutaneous Membrane | The skin, a dry membrane with a keratinizing epithelium |
| Mucous Membranes | Composed of epithelial cells and lines all body cavities that open to the body exterior |
| Lamina Propria | Loose layer of connective tissue below epithelial cells of mucous membrane |
| Serous Membranes | Epithelial membranes composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. |
| Parietal Layer | Lines a body cavity |
| Visceral Layer | lines the outside of organs |
| Synovial Membranes | Composed entirely of connective tissue, line cavities surrounding the joints, provide smooth surface and secret lubricating fluid |
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