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HSII Chpt. 14 (Pt.2)
Chapter 14: Endocrinology Important terms
| Addison’s disease | an autoimmune disease of hyposecretion of cortisol from either destruction of adrenal cortex or hyposecretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary gland |
| adenomata | plural of adenoma (tumor of a gland) |
| aldosterone | the most abundant and biologically active of the mineralocorticoid hormones |
| assay | examination and determination as to characteristics (as weight, measure, or quality) |
| calcium | level of calcium is measured to determine if parathyroid gland is secreting normal amount |
| cortex (pl. cortices) | the outer or superficial part of an organ or body structure (as the kidney, adrenal gland, or a hair) |
| cortisol | the most abundant and biologically active of the glucocorticoid hormones, measured to determine if adrenal cortex is secreting normal amount |
| cretinism | a congenital disease due to absence or deficiency of normal thyroid secretion, characterized by physical deformity, dwarfism, and mental retardation, and often by goiter |
| Cushing’s syndrome | hypersecretion of cortisol from adenoma in the adrenal cortex causing high glucose level in the blood |
| diabetes | any of several disorders characterized by increased urine production |
| dwarfism | a hyposecretion of growth hormone early in life from a defect in the anterior pituitary, causing a lack of growth and short stature |
| epinephrine/adrenaline | Most potent stimulant of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in increased heart rate and force of contraction. Can also result in relaxation of bronchiolar and intestinal smooth muscle, glycogenesis, lipolysis, and other metabolic effects. |
| exophthalmos | protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit, caused by disease, especially hyperthyroidism, or injury |
| follicle | a small bodily cavity or sac |
| gland | a cell, a group of cells, or an organ that produces a secretion for use in or for elimination from the body |
| Glucola | a sugary drink used to measure glucose tolerance) |
| glycohemoglobin | (also glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin A1C) |
| glycosylated hemoglobin (Also HbA1c) | another name for hemoglobin A1C test or glycohemoglobin |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland, visible as a swelling at the front of the neck, that is often associated with iodine deficiency |
| Graves’ disease | excessive thyroid hormone, characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland, protrusion of eyeballs, a rapid heartbeat, and nervous excitability |
| Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | an autoimmune disorder of chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of the thyroid gland |
| Hemoglobin A1C | measures the fraction of red blood cells, which bind with red blood cells; determines how well a diabetic patient is controlling blood glucose level with diet and drugs (also called glycohemoglobin or glycosylated hemoglobin) |
| hormone | a substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism |
| hydroxycorticosteroids | a metabolite of cortisol; can be measured in urine to measure cortisol level in the blood |
| hyperaldosteronism | hypersecretion of aldosterone from adenoma in the adrenal cortex or hypersecretion of ACTH from adenoma in anterior pituitary gland |
| hypoaldosteronism | hyposecretion of aldosterone from inherited genetic abnormality of adrenal cortex |
| hypothalamus | the part of the brain that lies below the thalamus, and that regulates bodily temperature, certain metabolic processes, and other autonomic activities |
| inertia | resistance or disinclination to motion, action, or change |
| insipidus | Latin for “lacking a distinctive appearance or taste” (urine is dilute like water) |
| insulin | a drug used to treat type 1 and type 1.5 diabetes mellitus |
| iodine | a bluish-black element used in medicine and in dyes; the radioisotope iodine-131 (radioiodine), is used in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease |
| islets of Langerhans | irregular clusters of endocrine cells scattered throughout the tissue of the pancreas that secrete insulin and glucagon |
| isthmus | a constriction or narrow passage connecting two larger parts of an organ or other anatomical structure. |
| ketones | a high level of this substance in the blood occurs in diabetes mellitus as the body metabolizes fat instead of glucose |
| lobe | a subdivision of a body organ or part bounded by fissures, connective tissue, or other structural boundaries. |
| medulla (pl. medullae) | the inner or deep part of an organ or structure |
| melatonin | a hormone secreted by the pineal gland and associated with the wake-sleep cycle |
| mellitus | Latin for “honeyed” (large amounts of glucose in the urine) |
| norepinephrine | (also called noradrenaline). a neurotransmitter, released in the autonomic and possibly the central nervous system, that has such effects as constricting blood vessels, raising blood pressure, and dilating bronchi. |
| ovary | one of the paired female reproductive organs that produce ova and certain sex hormones, including estrogen |
| pancreas | a gland, situated near the stomach, that secretes a digestive fluid into the intestine through one or more ducts and also secretes the hormone insulin |
| panhypopituarism | hyposecretion of all the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland |
| pineal gland | a gland between the two lobes of the thalamus that secretes melatonin |
| precocious | exceptionally early in development or occurrence |
| progesterone | a hormone that prepares the uterus for the fertilized ovum and maintains pregnancy |
| sella turcica | a depression in the middle line of the upper surface of the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is lodged |
| testes (sing. testis) | (also called testicle) the male gonads or reproductive glands, located in the scrotum |
| testicle | (also called testis) either of the two male reproductive glands, enclosed within the scrotum, that produce spermatozoa and the hormone testosterone |
| testosterone | the sex hormone, secreted by the testes, that stimulates the development of male sex organs, secondary sexual traits, and sperm. |
| thymus | a ductless, butterfly-shaped gland lying at the base of the neck, mostly of lymphatic tissue and aiding in the production of T cells of the immune system: after puberty, the lymphatic tissue gradually degenerates |
| thyroid | an organ at the base of the throat that makes hormones that help control heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight |
| thyroxine | the thyroid gland hormone that regulates the metabolic rate of the body |
| vanillylmandelic acid | a 24-hour urine test that measures levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| ADA | American Diabetes Association, American Dietetic Association |
| ADH | antidiuretic tormone |
| Ca, Ca⁺⁺ | calcium |
| CDE | certified diabetes educator |
| CI | diabetes insipidus |
| DKA | diabetic ketoacidosis |
| DM | diabetes mellitus |
| FBS | fasting blood sugar |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| FTI | free thyroxine index |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GTT | glucose tolerance test |
| HBA1C | hemoglobin A1C |
| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| IRS | insulin-resistance syndrome |
| K, K⁺ | potassium |
| LADA | latent autoimmune diabetes in adults |
| LH | luteinizing hormone |
| MSH | melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| Na, Na⁺ | sodium |
| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| NH | neutral protamine Hagedorn (type of insulin |
| OGTT | oral glucose tolerance test |
| RAIU | radioactive iodine uptake |
| RIA | radioimmunoassay |
| SAD | seasonal affective disorder |
| SIADH | syndrome of inappropriate ADH |
| T3 | triiodothyronine |
| T4 | thyroxine |
| FTI | free thyroxine index |
| TFTs | thyroid function tests |
| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| VMA | vanillylmandelic acid |
Created by:
Tea Lad
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