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H B & M
Human Body and Movement 101 Intro Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Human Body and Movement | Study of Motion or human movement |
| Anatomic Human Body & Movement | Study of human muscoskeletal system & musculotendinous system |
| Biomechanics | Application of mechanical physics to human motion |
| Structual Human Body & Movement | Study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement. Skeletal & muscular structures are involved. |
| What are the TWO reference positions? | Anatomical and Fundamental |
| Anatomical Position | Most widely used and accurate. Palms facing forward. |
| Fundamental Position | is essentially same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides & facing the body |
| Anterior | In front or in the front part |
| Anteroinferior | In front and below |
| Anterosuperior | In front and above |
| Anterolateral | In front & to the side, especially the outside |
| Anteromedial | In front & toward the inner side or midline |
| Anteroposterior | Relating to both front & rear |
| Posterior | Behind, in back, or in the rear |
| Posteriorinferior | behind & below; in back & below |
| Posterolateral | behind & to one side, specifically to the outside |
| Posteromedial | Behind and to the INNER side |
| Posterosuperior | Behind & at the upper part |
| Contralateral | pertaining or relating to the opposite side |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side |
| Inferior | Below in relation to another structure; caudal |
| Superior | Above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic |
| Caudal | Inferior |
| Cephalic | Superior |
| Deep | Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue |
| Superficial | near the surface, used to describe relative depth or location or muscles or tissue |
| Distal | situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of origin |
| Proximal | nearest the trunk or the point of origin |
| Lateral | On or to the side; outside; farther from the median or midsagittal plane |
| Medial | Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plane |
| Prone | The body lying face downward |
| Supine | Lying on the back; face upward position of the body |
| Dorsal | Posterior |
| Ventral | relating to the belly or abdomen |
| Volar | Relating to palm of hand or sole of the foot |
| Imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved | Plane of Motion |
| Motion through a plane revolves around an axis | Plane of Motion |
| There is a 90 degree relationship between a plane of motion & its axis | Plane of Motion |
| 3 Basic or Traditional Cardinal Planes of Motion | - Anterioposterior or Sagittal Plane- Lateral or Frontal Plane- Transverse or Horizontal Plane |
| Divides body into equal, bilateral segments. Example: a sit-up | Anterioposterior or Sagittal Plane |
| It bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half. Example: a sit-up | Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane |
| divides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior halves. Example: Jumping Jacks | Lateral or Frontal Plane |
| divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position. Example: spial rotation to left or right. | Transverse or Horizontal Plane |
| divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position. Example: spial rotation to left or right. | -Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion & runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion- Runs medial / lateral- Commonly includes flexion, extension movements |
| Sagittal or anteriorposterior Axis | -Has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion- Runs anterior / posterior- Commonly includes abduction, adduction movements |
| Long or vertical axis | Runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion-Runs superior/ inferior-Commonly includes internal rotation, external rotation movements |
| Osteology | Adult Skeleton |
| How many Bones are in the Body? | 206 |
| How many Axial Skeleton Bones? | 80 bones |
| How many Appendicular Bones? | 126 bones |
| Skeletal Functions | Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc., Support (to maintain posture), Movement (by serving as points of attach. to muscles), Mineral storage, Hemopoiesis - process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow |
| How MANY TYPES of bones are there? | 5 |
| WHAT are the TYPES of bones? | -Long - humerous, fibula-Short - carpals, tarsals-Flat - Skull, scapula-Irregular - pelvis, ethmoid, ear ossicles-Sesamoid - patella |
| How many typical boney Features are there? | 8 |
| Diaphsysis | long cylindrical shaft |
| Cortex | hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis |
| Periosteum | dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis |
| Endosteum | fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex |
| Medullary (marrow) cavity | between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow |
| Epiphysis | ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone |
| Epiphyseal plate | (growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses |
| Articular (hyaline) cartilage | covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction |
| Abduction | Away from midline. raising arms or legs to side horizontally |
| Adduction | Movement medially toward midline of trunk in lateral plane. lowering arm to side or thigh back to anatomical position |
| Flexion | Bending movement that results in a ▼ of angle in joint by bringing bones together, usually in sagittal plane -elbow joint when hand is drawn to shoulder |
| Extension | Straightening movement that results in an ▲ of angle in joint by moving bones apart, usually in sagittal plane - elbow joint when hand moves away from shoulder |
| Circumduction | Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone; circumflexion |
| circumflexion | Circumduction |
| External rotation | a.k.a. rotation laterally, outward rotation, & lateral rotation |
| Internal rotation | Occurs in transverse plane- a.k.a. rotation medially, inward rotation, & medial rotation |
| Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body | Internal rotation |
| Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body | External rotation |
| Eversion | -Turning sole of foot outward or laterally-standing with weight on inner edge of foot |
| Inversion | -Turning sole of foot inward or medially-standing with weight on outer edge of foot |
| Dorsal flexion | Flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone |
| Plantar flexion | Extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body |
| Pronation | Internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm |
| Supination | Externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm |
| Depression | Inferior movement of shoulder girdlereturning to normal position from a shoulder shrug |
| Elevation | Superior movement of shoulder girdleshrugging the shoulders |
| Horizontal abduction | -Movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from midline of body-also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction |
| Horizontal adduction | Movement of humerus in horizontal plane toward midline of body |
| also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction | Horizontal adduction |
| Protraction | -Forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine-Abduction of the scapula |
| Retraction | -Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine-Adduction of the scapula |
| Rotation downward | Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially & downward |
| Rotation upward | Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally & upward |
| Lateral flexion (side bending) | Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline-Abduction of spine |
| Reduction | -Return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion-Adduction of spine |
| Palmar flexion | Flexion movement of wrist with volar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm |
| Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) | Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm |
| Radial flexion (radial deviation) | Abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm |
| Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation) | Adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm |
| Opposition of the thumb | Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with fingers |
| Articulation | connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones |
| 3 major classifications according to structure & movement characteristics | -Synarthrodial-Amphiarthrodial-Diarthrodial |
| Synarthrodial | -immovable joints-Suture such as Skull sutures-Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla |
| Amphiarthrodial | -slightly movable joints-allow a slight amount of motion to occur-Syndesmosis-Synchondrosis-Symphysis |
| Syndesmosis | -Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones-Bones may or may not touch each other at the actual joint-Ex. Coracoclavicular joint, distal tibiofibular jt.- |
| Caudal is mostly referred to... | ...toward the base of the spine |
| Cephalic is mostly referred to... | ...toward the head |
| Deviation | means to wander from the usual course. Lateral deviation occurs at the mandible during talking or chewing. |
| Lateral Rotation | external rotation |
| Medial Rotation | Internal rotation |
| Lateral tilt of the pelvis | elevasion |
| posterior tilt of the pelvis | upward rotation |
| anterior tilt of the pelvis | downward rotation |
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