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10 History
Chapter 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Age of Reason | The 17th and 18th centuries; an era that emphasized the power of human reasoning. (Broad) |
| Scientific Method | A pattern of thinking that scientists use when seeking answers to their questions about the physical universe. |
| scientific revolution | A period from the Renaissance to the 18th century when scientific inquiry and achievement advanced rapidly. |
| Copernicus | (Polish) He invented the Heliocentric theory. This said the the sun is the center and that the earth revolved around it. |
| heliocentric theory | Theory that the earth orbits the sun; promoted by Copernicus |
| Kepler | (German) He agreed with Copernicus except he thought that the orbits were elliptical. He also prayed to God about it. |
| Galileo | (Italian) He stated that no matter how big a pendulum is it will still move at one second. He also made the telescope much better. |
| Newton | (English) He discovered that white light is composed of many different colors. He also discovered the law of gravity. He invented the telescope. He wrote a pamphlet called the Principia. |
| Vesalius | (Finland) He examined the actual structure of the human body. He disproved many ancient myths about the body. |
| Paracelsus | (Switzerland) He established the use of Chemicals in treating illness. |
| Harvey | (English) He discovered that the heart is the only thing that pumps blood and that the liver does not. The Father of Experimental Biology. |
| Jenner | (English) He developed the small pox vaccination. In developing the small pox vaccination he used the scientific method. |
| Boyle | (Ireland) He found that increasing the pressure on a gas decreases the volume. |
| Priestley | (English) He discovered many important chemical substances. |
| Lavoisier | (French) He formulated the law of Conservation of Matter. He also named Hydrogen. The Father of modern Chemistry. |
| Leeuwenhoek | (Netherlands) He made better microscopes and discovered microbes and bacteria. |
| Mercator | (Finland) He devised a way to make a map on a flat surface. |
| Enlightenment | 18th century intellectual movement that looked to reason as the solution for all of life's problems. (specific) |
| rationalism | The belief that reason is the only sure source of knowledge and truth |
| Francis Bacon | (Inductive Reasoning) He advocated the use of careful observation and experimentation before arriving at general conclusions. (he doubted ancient knowledge) |
| inductive method | Reasoning from specific cases to a general conclusion. (Observation and Experimentation) |
| Descartes | (Deductive Reasoning) He relied on reason aided by math. He doubted everything. He said "I doubt, therefore I think; I think therefore I am." |
| deductive method | Reasoning from the general to the specifics. |
| dualism | Dual meaning 2. Philosophical system in which there are 2 types of reality (eg. Spiritual and Physical) |
| Spinoza | Liked reason. Used math. Believed Pantheism. |
| pantheism | The belief that everything in the universe, whether it be spiritual of physical, is part of one great substance called "God" |
| Locke | He maintained that the mind of a baby is like a "blank tablet" on which the experiences of life are written. He believed in Empiricism. He advanced the idea that men posse certain natural and unalienable rights. Political and Enlightened person. |
| Empiricism | the idea that all knowledge comes through experience |
| philosophes | 18th century French writers & social critics. They contended that certain religious beliefs restricted man's freedoms to think and express himself. They believed that man could solve society problems & that perfectibility was attainable for society & Man |
| Montesquieu | He believed that England was the symbol of political freedom. The liberty of the English, he concluded, resulted from the separation of the 3 powers of govt.= executive, legislative, and judicial. (constitution) |
| Voltaire | He advocated religion by reason. He out-spoke about abuses. He insulted people. |
| Diderot | He edited the Encyclopedia. He expressed the enlightenment philosophy. (philosophes) |
| Rousseau | He contributed to the Encyclopedia. He said that people should do what ever they want. In "the Social Contract" govt. should carry out the general will of the people. "Back to nature" |
| deism | Belief in God as the First Cause; denies super-natural prophecy and miracles; teaches that man is born good; regards reason as the standard for truth |
| Pietism | 17th and 18th century movement dedicated to spiritual renewal |
| Philip Spener | He organized bible studies and started christian schools. His famous work, Pia Desideria ("Pious Wishes") in which he outlined the failures of the church and issued a call for spiritual renewal. (Pietism) |
| August Francke | He established 21 different types of education. (Pietism) |
| Nikolaus von Zinzendorf | Preached the gospel and united Christians. He established the Moravians. He established a religious community which they called Herrnhut. (Lords Lodge) (Pietism) |
| John Wesley | He started the Methodist Church. He converted many people to Christianity. He had a very loud voice and was still preaching at age 80. |
| George Whitefield | Like Wesley, He traveled constantly preaching the gospel. He preached in not only Britain, but also in America. His efforts aided the Great Awakening. |
| Great Awakening | During 1740-1742. A religious revival in American Colonies. |
| Jonathan Edwards | He was a pastor. He was inseparably linked with the Great Awakening. He studied 13 hours daily. He most famous sermon was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." |
| mannerism | Artistic style throughout much of the 16th century; characterized by distortions and exaggerations. It reflected the political and religious tension of the Reformation era. |
| El Greco | Painted in the mannerism style. He was a Greek who settled in Spain. His figures have elongated bodies and limbs. He often created a mystical atmosphere with dramatic and sharply contrasting colors. |
| baroque | Period in art history from 1600 to about 1750; having a grand, dynamic, heroic, active, swirling, sensual, and emotional style. |
| Bernini | He designed beautiful fountains for Roman plazas and the expansive colonnades. He was also a sculptor and painter. His sculpture captured subjects in motion. (flowing hair, muscles rippling, and their robes billowing. |
| Rubens | He popularized the baroque style in painting. He received so many requests for his works that he was forced to employ other artists to help him meet the demand. His canvases are dramatic and often contain rich landscapes and robust figures. |
| Rembrandt van Rijn | His paintings were usually filled with gold tones and warm browns. His was a christian and he painted many painting of biblical stories. He sought to convey a message rather than simply to please the eye of some patron. |
| rococo | An artistic style that is characterized by refined elegance. It is essentially a French style and was used most often in interior decoration. |
| Antoine Watteau | He was a leading rococo artist whose works reflect the frivolous, decadent, and artificial court life of the 18th century. |
| neoclassical | 18th century artistic style that imitated the classical ideals of ancient Greece and Rome |
| polyphony | Music in which several melody lines of equal importance are intertwined. |
| homophony | Music with one basic melody line and several supporting harmony parts |
| Monteverdi | He was one of the leading composers of Italian baroque music. He is especially famous for his operas. He wrote is first opera, Orfeo. He combined text, music, scenery, and dances into a unified masterpiece. |
| Handel | One of the most famous English opera composers. He composed oratorios. He wrote about 20 oratorios and his best known and best loved is the Messiah. It was written in 1741. It is still very famous. |
| oratorio | Musical composition for solo singers, chorus, and orchestra that tells a sacred story without the dramatic action employed in operas. |
| Bach | Most of his career was spent in performing, conducting, and composing music for the Lutheran Church. He was expected to write a new cantata for the worship service each Sunday. His most famous was the Passion According to St. Matthew. |
| Haydn | He set the style for classical music. He wrote a large amount of music. He was not the first to compose a symphony, but he is called the Father of Symphony. His works influenced Mozart and Beethoven. |
| Mozart | He was a musical genius. He could listen to a piece of music once and then reproduce it from memory. Many of his 22 operas are still performed today. (The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and The Magical Flute. |
| Moliere | He is one of the most famous French literature writers. He is best remembered for his comedies, in which he pokes fun at the hypocrisy and vices in society. |
| Alexander Pope | He was the best English satirist poet. He was a master of verse. He was one of the most quoted poets of his age. He wrote, "Know then thyself, presume not God to scan; the proper study of mankind is man." |
| Jonathan Swift | He was a popular English satirist. He was a master of prose. His greatest work is Gulliver's Travels. He mistakenly thought that society's problems resulted from man's failure to use his capacity of reason. |
| Daniel Defoe | He helped to lead the development of the modern novel. He wrote Robinson Crusoe. |
| Edward Gibbon | He wrote the most important history book in the 18th century. It was the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire, in which he traced the history of Rome from the reign of Augustus to its eventual overthrow by Barbarian tribes. |
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