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Final Exam for FSCME

Mehmed the ConquerorThe Ottoman sultan known for c
Selim III Ottoman Sultan from 1789 to 1807. He's known for his attempts to modernize the Ottoman Empire, including military and administrative reforms. Unfortunately, his efforts were met with resistance, leading to his overthrow and death.
Abdul Hamid II The Ottoman sultan who reigned from 1876 to 1909, known for his autocratic rule and attempts at modernization, as well as his eventual deposition during the Young Turk Revolution.
Janissaries An elite military corps in the Ottoman Empire, originally composed of Christian boys taken as tributes and converted to Islam, playing a crucial role in the empire's military and political structure until their disbandment in the 19th century
Pogroms Violent riots aimed at the massacre or persecution of a particular ethnic or religious group, notably the anti-Jewish pogroms in Eastern Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Theodor Herzl A Jewish journalist and the father of modern political Zionism, who advocated for the establishment of a Jewish state in response to widespread anti-Semitism in Europe
Balfour Declaration A letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour expressing support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. Its legacy is complex, viewed by some as a crucial step toward Israeli statehood and by others as a contributing factor to ongoing conflict.
Nasser Second President of Egypt, a key figure in Arab nationalism and socialism. He nationalized the Suez Canal, impacting international relations and leaving a lasting legacy on Arab politics.
Salafism A fundamentalist Sunni Islamic movement emphasizing a return to the practices of early Muslims. It encompasses a range of views, from quietist to jihadist, and its influence varies widely across the Muslim world.
Ijtihad In Islamic law, the process of independent legal reasoning and interpretation. It allows for adaptation of Islamic law to new circumstances but is subject to differing interpretations regarding who can practice it and its scope
Pahlavi The last Iranian Royal Dynasty, reigning from 1925 to 1979
What was the millet system and how did it function? The millet system was an administrative division in the Ottoman Empire allowing religious communities to govern themselves under their own laws, involving groups like Christians and Jews, which helped maintain social order and loyalty.
What was the Tanzimat and what issues did it aim to address? The Tanzimat was a series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire from roughly 1839 to 1876 aimed at modernizing the state, addressing issues like corruption, military weakness, and the need for a more centralized government
What characterized Zionism as a national movement? Zionism is characterized as a national movement because it sought the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, emphasizing national identity and self-determination rather than solely religious aspirations.
What was the Armenian genocide? The Armenian genocide was the systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I, driven by ethnic nationalism and wartime paranoia.
Who was Sayyid Qutb? Explain his significance Egyptian Islamist thinker who is considered one of the most influential figures in modern Islamic fundamentalism. He advocated for the establishment of an Islamic state based on Sharia law.
What was the impact of the Muslim Brotherhood on Middle Eastern political ideology? The Muslim Brotherhood, founded in Egypt in 1928, significantly influenced political ideology in the Middle East by promoting Islamic governance and social justice, impacting various Islamist movements across the region.
What was the 'nakba'? The 'nakba' refers to the 1948 Palestinian evacuation during the Arab-Israeli War, when hundreds of thousands of Palestinians were displaced from their homes, leading to ongoing conflict and refugee issues.
Who was Ayatollah Khomeini and what was his significance? Ayatollah Khomeini was the leader of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, which overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty, establishing an Islamic Republic and significantly impacting the political landscape of the Middle East.
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