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Anatomy & Physiology
Pituitary Gland and Thyroid
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the name of the stalk of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus? sella turcica epithalamus neurohypophysis infundibulum | infundibulum |
| The pituitary gland has an anterior lobe called the ______ and a posterior lobe called the ______. | adenohypophysis; neurohypophysis |
| Which of the following is actually nervous tissue, containing axons? parathyroid gland thyroid gland anterior pituitary posterior pituitary | posterior pituitary |
| What is the composition of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? masses of neuronal cell bodies axon terminals of neurons glandular tissue | glandular tissue |
| Releasing and release-inhibiting hormones from the __ reach the anterior pituitary through the hypophyseal portal veins. | hypothalamus |
| The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk of tissue called the ____ | infindulum |
| Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others are secreted by which gland? | anterior pituitary |
| The gland that is made up of an anterior and posterior lobe is the ____ gland | pituitary |
| The _______ lobe of the pituitary is part of the nervous system because it contains axon terminals that release chemicals into the bloodstream | posterior |
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary is part of the ______ system and it consists of ______. | endocrine; glandular cells |
| The capillary bed that receives releasing and release-inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus is connected to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary by two hypophyseal ____ veins | portal |
| Match the types of secretory cell in the anterior lobe of the pituitary to the hormones they secrete: Somatotropes | GH |
| Match the types of secretory cell in the anterior lobe of the pituitary to the hormones they secrete: Mammatropes | PRL |
| Match the types of secretory cell in the anterior lobe of the pituitary to the hormones they secrete: Thyrotropes | TSH |
| Match the types of secretory cell in the anterior lobe of the pituitary to the hormones they secrete: Corticotropes | ACTH |
| Match the types of secretory cell in the anterior lobe of the pituitary to the hormones they secrete: Gonadotropes | FSH and LH |
| Released by the anterior pituitary, the ___ hormone stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis, and causes bone elongation. | Growth |
| Which of the following statements about the posterior pituitary gland are true? It releases hormones into the bloodstream. It is composed of nervous tissue. It synthesizes hormones within its cell structure It is composed of glandular tissue. | It releases hormones into the bloodstream. It is composed of nervous tissue. |
| What is the composition of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? masses of neuronal cell bodies axon terminals of neurons glandular tissue | glandular tissue |
| Growth hormone (GH) is also called ______. somatotropin somatostatin follitropin | somatotropin |
| What are target tissues of growth hormone (GH)? thyroid gland muscles bones adipose tissue | muscles bones adipose tissue |
| Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others are secreted by which gland? anterior pituitary hypothalamus thyroid posterior pituitary | anterior pituitary |
| Somatotropin is more commonly known as what hormone? growth hormone prolactin oxytocin thyroid-stimulating hormone | growth hormone |
| How does growth hormone affect the metabolism of most body cells? It decreases the rate at which cells obtain and use glucose. It increases the rate at which cells obtain and use glucose | It decreases the rate at which cells obtain and use glucose. |
| Muscle and bone cells, in particular, are targeted by ______. prolactin growth hormone oxytocin antidiuretic hormone | growth hormone |
| What is the role of prolactin (PRL)? | It sustains milk production after birth. |
| Released by the anterior pituitary, the ____ hormone stimulates cell division, increases protein synthesis, and causes bone elongation. | growth |
| Another name of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is | thyrotropin |
| Which of the following is actually nervous tissue, containing axons? | posterior pituitary |
| Choose all molecular effects of growth hormone on target cells. | It enhances the movement of amino acids across plasma membranes. It stimulates liver cells to release glucose in the blood. It increases the rate at which cells use fats as a source of energy |
| The thyroid gland is the target organ of which hormone? thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) thymosin | thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| The ______ gland is the target organ of prolactin (PRL) | mammary |
| What is another name for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? | thyrotropin |
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the ______ controls the secretion of TSH by the adenohypophysis. | hypothalamus |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone is secreted by the _____ and acts on the _____. | anterior pituitary; thyroid |
| What pituitary hormone controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex? FSH TSH ACTH LH | ACTH |
| What regulates the secretion of ACTH by secreting corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)? anterior lobe of the pituitary gland thalamus hypothalamus posterior lobe of the pituitary gland | hypothalamus |
| What would stimulate the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)? increased levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) increased levels of blood glucose decreased levels of thyroid hormone decreased levels of blood calcium | increased levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) decreased levels of thyroid hormone |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are referred to as ______. thyrotropin lactotropin gonadotropins adrenotropin | gonadotropins |
| What are the functions of FSH? | It promotes growth and development of egg-containing follicles in the ovaries. It stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogens. It stimulates production of sperm cells in males. |
| The adrenal cortex is the target organ of _____. | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| What is a function of luteinizing hormone? | It stimulates the secretion of sex hormones in both sexes. |
| The ___ regulates the secretion of ACTH by secreting corticotropin-releasing hormone | hypothalamus |
| Which two hormones are gonadotropins? follicle-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropin oxytocin prolactin luteinizing hormone | follicle-stimulating hormone luteinizing hormone |
| The hypothalamus secretes ___-releasing hormone, which controls the secretion of luteinizing hormone | gonadotropin |
| The secretions of the neuronal axons found in the posterior pituitary are considered hormones and not neurotransmitters because they enter the ___ | Blood |
| follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| What hormone promotes secretion of sex hormones in both males and females and is essential for the release of egg cells from the ovaries? TSH LH ACTH FSH | LH |
| What would result in an increased release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)? | increased stress levels decreased levels of adrenal cortical hormones increased levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
| The hypothalamus secretes _____, which stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH. | GnRH |
| What structure secretes hormones but is actually composed largely of nervous tissue? pancreas anterior lobe of the pituitary thyroid gland posterior lobe of the pituitary | posterior lobe of the pituitary |
| Which hormones are associated with the posterior pituitary gland? antidiuretic hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone oxytocin growth hormone prolactin | antidiuretic hormone oxytocin |
| What regulates the secretion of ACTH by secreting corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)? hypothalamus posterior lobe of the pituitary gland thalamus anterior lobe of the pituitary gland | hypothalamus |
| The posterior lobe of the pituitary consists mainly of nervous tissue. True False | True |
| What causes the release of ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary? | nerve impulses from the hypothalamus |
| What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland? ACTH and FSH ADH and oxytocin GH and prolactin insulin and glucagon | ADH and oxytocin |
| ADH is a(n) ______ that targets the ______, conserving water. | antidiuretic; kidneys |
| What are the two effects of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH? vasodilation water excretion vasoconstriction water retention | vasoconstriction water retention |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the _______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the ______ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream. | hypothalamus; posterior pituitary |
| Vasopressin is also known as | Field 1: ADH or antidiuretic hormone |
| ADH acts by ______. increasing the amount of salt excreted by the kidneys reducing the volume of water excreted by the kidneys increasing the volume of water excreted by the kidneys reducing the amount of salt excreted by the kidneys | reducing the volume of water excreted by the kidneys |
| What hormone causes vasoconstriction and water retention? antidiuretic hormone parathyroid hormone thyroxine adrenocorticotropic hormone | antidiuretic hormone |
| What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? vasopressin oxytocin somatostatin | vasopressin |
| ADH binds to two different types of receptors on two different target cells. As a result, its mechanism of action in the two types of target cells is different. What are the two mechanisms of action? | a second messenger system using inositol triphosphate a second messenger system using cAMP |
| What would cause an increased release of ADH from the pituitary gland? | decreased water intake increased osmotic pressure in the blood decreased blood volume |
| What are the two effects of antidiuretic hormone, or ADH? water excretion water retention vasoconstriction vasodilation | water retention vasoconstriction |
| What disorder is associated with ADH's inability to conserve water through the kidneys either due to a receptor defect or lack of ADH secretion? | diabetes insipidus |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT) are synthesized in the _______. Nerve impulses cause their release from the ______ (where they are stored) into the bloodstream. | hypothalamus; posterior pituitary |
| ADH binds to V1 receptors on ________ and V2 receptors on ________. | smooth muscle in blood vessels; collecting ducts in kidneys |
| What would cause an increase in release of ADH? decreased osmotic pressure in body fluids decreased blood glucose levels dehydration consuming large amounts of water | dehydration |
| Drinking alcohol inhibits the secretion of ADH. What happens as a result of that? | increased urination |
| The hormone that causes the contraction of muscles in the uterine wall during childbirth and ejection of milk is | Field 1: oxytocin or OT |
| Diabetes insipidus is associated with reduced secretion of a particular hormone or a defect in receptors for that hormone. What is the name of the hormone involved? | ADH |
| What causes the release of ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary? releasing hormones from the hypothalamus nerve impulses from the cerebrum stimulating hormones from the thyroid gland nerve impulses from the hypothalamus | nerve impulses from the hypothalamus |
| The hypothalamus controls the secretion of ______ in response to stretching of uterine and vaginal walls and the stimulation of the nipples. | oxytocin |
| ADH binds to two different types of receptors on two different target cells. As a result, its mechanism of action in the two types of target cells is different. What are the two mechanisms of action? | a second messenger system using cAMP a second messenger system using inositol triphosphate |
| If labor fails to progress normally, a doctor may administer _____ to speed labor along. antidiuretic hormone GnRH oxytocin prolactin | oxytocin |
| Which are functions of oxytocin? stimulates growth of muscle tissue stimulates uterine muscles to contract stimulates sperm production stimulates mammary glands to release milk | stimulates uterine muscles to contract stimulates mammary glands to release milk |
| Stretch receptors in the nipples and uterine wall stimulate the hypothalamus, which in turn controls the secretion of what hormone? | oxytocin |
| What are some potential roles of oxytocin in males? | it may stimulate sperm motility during sexual activity. It may play a role during penis erection. It may stimulate movement of fluids in the reproductive tract during sexual activity. |
| The level of maternal bonding with the infant appears to be correlated to the levels of the hormone ___ during pregnancy. | oxytocin |
| True or False: Oxytocin is a hormone that may be given intravenously during induction of labor to stimulate uterine contractions. | True |
| What large-lobed endocrine gland is associated with the larynx in the neck? thymus gland pineal gland thyroid gland adrenal gland | thyroid gland |
| Histologically, the thyroid is composed of sacs called thyroid ______. cysts lobes follicles | follicles |
| What are the hormone-secreting cells that lie outside the follicles of the thyroid gland extrafollicular cells follicular cells colloid cells | extrafollicular cells |
| Which of the following statements about oxytocin in males is true? | While it has no established functions in males, oxytocin is found in the posterior pituitary and may play certain roles during sexual activity. |
| In the thyroid gland, the hormones produced by the ______ cells affect metabolic rates of the body and the hormone produced by the ______ cells influences the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood. | follicular; extrafollicular |
| Oxytocin appears to be involved in ______. | the bonding between sexual partners maternal bonding behavior |
| Where is the thyroid gland located? inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea superior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea inferior to the larynx and posterior to the trachea superior to the larynx and posterior to the trachea | inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea |
| The cavities of follicles in the thyroid gland are lined with cuboidal epithelial cells called _____ cells. extrafollicular colloid follicular neurons | follicular |
| The two hormones produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland are known as T3 and T4 because they contain 3 and 4, respectively, atoms of | iodine |
| Thyroid Gland: Synthesizes two hormones Affect metabolic rates in other cells | Follicular |
| Thyroid Gland: Synthesize one hormone affect calcium blood concentration | extrafollicular cells |
| Which hormone functions to increase metabolism? | thyroid hormone |
| The thyroid gland lies immediately inferior to the | larynx |
| The hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine are collectively known as _____. | thyroid hormone |
| Which of the following are functions of the thyroid hormone? lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels stimulate lipid synthesis increases the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates determines the basal metabolic rate | increases the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates determines the basal metabolic rate |
| What are thyroid follicles? sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin structures in the ovary that respond to thyroid hormones small islands of dividing cells within the thyroid the region in the embryo that produces the thyroid | sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin |
| The term thyroid hormone refers to two hormones produced by the thyroid gland, _____ (or T4) and_____(also known as T3). | Field 1: thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine Field 2: triiodothyronine |
| Follicular cells in the thyroid gland take up molecules of _____by endocytosis, break them down, and release the individual thyroid hormone molecules in the bloodstream. | thyroglobulin |
| An increase in the body's basal metabolic rate is the primary effect of ______ hormone. | thyroid |
| Which of the following statements accurately compares the hormones T3 and T4? T3 is the inactive form of T4 T4 is about five times more potent than T3 T3 is about five times more potent than T4 . | T3 is about five times more potent than T4 . |
| What controls the release of T4 and T3 from the thyroid gland? the concentration of iodide in the blood a hormone from the parathyroid gland a hormone from the anterior pituitary nervous stimulation from the brain | a hormone from the anterior pituitary |
| The two hormones produced by follicular cells in the thyroid gland are known as T3 and T4 because they contain 3 and 4, respectively, atoms of | iodine |
| In the thyroid gland, follicular cells use a protein pump to transport ___ to their cytoplasm, where they synthesize thyroid hormone. | iodide |
| Thyroxine accounts for at least ____% of circulating thyroid hormones. 5 25 50 75 95 | 95 |
| Follicular cells in the thyroid gland take up molecules of _____ by endocytosis, break them down, and release the individual thyroid hormone molecules in the bloodstream. | thyroglobulin |
| What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism? | Grave's Disease |
| An enlarged thyroid gland, often resulting in a visible bulge in the neck, is called a(n) | goiter |
| Elevated metabolic rate, restlessness, and overeating are all symptoms of ______, Grave's disease being the most common cause. | hyperthyroidism |
| The hormone _____ is produced by the C cells in the thyroid gland. | calcitonin |
| Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by _____. Multiple choice question. stimulating both osteoblasts and osteoclasts stimulating osteoclasts and inhibiting osteoblasts inhibiting both osteoblasts and osteoclasts | stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts |
| What are the characteristics of hyperthyroidism? | restlessness high metabolic rate hyperactivity |
| The hormone that decreases the level of calcium in the blood is called | Field 1: calcitonin |
| The presence of gastrin and high blood calcium levels stimulate the secretion of what hormone? calcitonin thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone | calcitonin |
| Which cells of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin? Multiple choice question. follicular cells extrafollicular cells isthmus cells | extrafollicular cells |
| Calcitonin regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels by ______ their release from bones and by ______ their rate of deposit in bones. | inhibiting; increasing |
| What disease/disorder occurs when autoantibodies bind TSH receptors, mimicking the action of TSH and overstimulating the thyroid? | Graves disease |
| What is the role of calcitonin? Lowers blood sodium and potassium ion concentrations. Lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations. Raises blood sodium and potassium ion concentrations. Raises blood calcium and phosphate ion con | Lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations. |
| Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by ______ calcium ion concentration and by digestive hormones like gastrin. | elevated |
| What do Hashimoto's disease, infantile hypothyroidism, and goiter have in common? | insufficient production of thyroid hormone |
| The parathyroid glands are small glands located on the ______ surface of the thyroid gland. | posterior |
| The parathyroid gland secretes the hormone ______. Multiple choice question. PTH ADH FSH PRL | PTH |
| Which specific ions are regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH)? Multiple choice question. I- and Fe2+ HCO3- and Ca2+ Na+ and K+ Ca2+ and PO43- | Ca2+ and PO43- |
| What conditions occur when the thyroid functions below normal (hypothyroidism)? Hashimoto disease infantile hypothyroidism Graves disease goiter | Hashimoto disease infantile hypothyroidism goiter |
| In most individuals, there are four parathyroid glands, as each of the thyroid's bilateral lobes is associated with a(n) ___and a(n) ___e parathyroid gland. | Field 1: superior Field 2: inferior |
| Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium concentration by stimulating ______ and by inhibiting ______. | osteoclasts; osteoblasts |
| PTH, also known as parathormone is secreted by the ___ glands. | parathyroid |
| What are the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)? | In the kidneys, it promotes blood calcium conservation and promotes excretion of phosphate. In bones, it inhibits osteoblast activity. |
| Which hormone increases the concentration of calcium ions in the blood while at the same time decreasing the concentration of phosphate ions in the blood? | parathyroid hormone |
| What do Hashimoto's disease, infantile hypothyroidism, and goiter have in common? Multiple choice question. insufficient production of thyroid hormone insufficient levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone hypersecretion of parathyroid glands | insufficient production of thyroid hormone |
| Which of the following describes an effect of parathyroid hormone in kidney cells? It stimulates the production of the active form of vitamin D. It stimulates the production of provitamin D from cholesterol. | It stimulates the production of the active form of vitamin D. |
| Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts? aldosterone calcitonin parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone | parathyroid hormone |
| Identify the hormone that decreases the rate at which calcium is lost in the urine. | parathyroid hormone |
| As blood calcium concentration drops, PTH levels _____. decrease increase | increase |
| Parathyroid hormone increases the blood ___ ion concentration and decreases the blood ____ ion concentration | Field 1: calcium Field 2: phosphate |
| Vitamin D stimulates the absorption of _____ from food in the intestine. calcium sodium vitamins | Calcium |
| The opposite effects of ______ and ______ maintain calcium ion homeostasis. cortisol; epinephrine calcitonin; parathyroid hormone (PTH) aldosterone; thyroid hormone | calcitonin; parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| The glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are called the ____ glands. | parathyroid |
| Choose the three general types of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. | hormones that function in maintaining blood sodium levels sex hormones hormones that regulate the response to stress |
| Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium concentration by stimulating ______ and by inhibiting ______. | osteoclasts; osteoblasts |
| The adrenal glands consist of an inner region called the _____ and an outer region called the _____. follicular region; cortex medulla; cortex medulla; follicular region cortex; medulla | medulla; cortex |
| The secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is regulated by the concentration of ______ in the blood. calcium glucose sodium potassium | calcium |
| The cells of the adrenal ___ are connected to the sympathetic nervous system. | medulla |
| Which hormone increases the concentration of calcium ions in the blood while at the same time decreasing the concentration of phosphate ions in the blood? calcitonin parathyroid hormone oxytocin thyroid hormone | parathyroid hormone |
| Two hormones act antagonistically to maintain the homeostasis of calcium in blood. These two hormones are ___ and ____ | Field 1: calcitonin Field 2: PTH or parathyroid hormone |
| Which of the following structures consists of modified postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? thyroid gland adrenal medulla adrenal cortex pancreas | adrenal medulla |
| Question Mode Fill in the Blank Question Fill in the blank question. Kari has been experiencing tremendous stress at work lately. It is likely that she will have elevated levels of hormones from her ___ glands in her bloodstream | Field 1: adrenal or suprarenal |
| Where is the adrenal medulla? at the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney at the surface of the adrenal gland, inferior to the kidney at the surface of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney | at the core of the adrenal gland, superior to the kidney |
| The adrenal cortex consists of epithelial layers divided in three regions: The zona ___(outermost layer), the zona ____(middle layer), and the zona ____ (innermost layer). | Field 1: glomerulosa Field 2: fasciculata Field 3: reticularis |
| The secretions of the adrenal medullary cells, also known as _____cells, are controlled by preganglionic ____ nerve fibers. | Field 1: chromaffin Field 2: sympathetic |
| What are the general functions of the adrenal hormones? | maintain blood sodium levels respond to stress |
| The adrenal glands consist of an inner region called the _____ and an outer region called the _____. follicular region; cortex medulla; follicular region medulla; cortex | medulla; cortex |
| The cells of the adrenal ____ are connected to the sympathetic nervous system. | Field 1: medulla |
| Which of the following makes up the bulk of the adrenal gland? | cortex |
| Kari has been experiencing tremendous stress at work lately. It is likely that she will have elevated levels of hormones from her _____ glands in her bloodstream. | Field 1: adrenal or suprarenal |
| In the adrenal gland, the cells of the adrenal ______ are associated with the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system. | medulla; sympathetic |
| Each adrenal gland consists of two parts with the adrenal ___ making up the bulk of the gland. | Field 1: cortex |
| What are the general functions of the adrenal hormones? | respond to stress maintain blood sodium levels |
| The adrenal glands consist of an inner region called the _____ and an outer region called the _____. | medulla; cortex |
| Which two hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla? | norepinephrine epinephrine |
| The cells of the adrenal ____ are connected to the sympathetic nervous system. | Field 1: medulla |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amine hormones collectively called | catecholamine or catecholamines |
| What is another name for epinephrine? adrenocorticotropic hormone adrenalin cortisol norepinephrine | adrenalin |
| Place the substances in the order in which they are made during the production of epinephrine, starting at the top | tyrosine dopa dopamine Norepinephrine epinephrine |
| Three general types of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. sex hormones hormones that regulate the response to stress hormones that function in maintaining blood phosphate level hormones that function in maintaining blood sodium level | sex hormones hormones that regulate the response to stress hormones that function in maintaining blood sodium levels |
| What hormones are secreted by chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla? | epinephrine norepinephrine |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are classified as ______ catecholamines mineralocorticoids steroids glucocorticoids | catecholamines |
| Adrenalin is synonym for what hormone? Multiple choice question. norepinephrine (NE) epinephrine (EPI) adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) | epinephrine (EPI) |
| Catecholamines , like epinephrine, are synthesized from the amino acid ____ | tyrosine |
| Which hormones have the effect of increasing the heart rate and blood pressure, increasing the breathing rate, and decreasing digestive activity? | epinephrine norepinephrine |
| Which two hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla? norepinephrine epinephrine glucagon cortisol | norepinephrine epinephrine |
| The adrenal ______ is stimulated by impulses traveling on ______ nerve fibers at the same time these nervous impulses reach other effectors. | medulla; sympathetic |
| Which statement accurately summarizes the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the heart? Epinephrine decreases the heart rate, while norepinephrine increases it. They both increase the heart rate. They both decrease the heart rate | They both increase the heart rate. |
| What is another name for epinephrine? adrenalin norepinephrine adrenocorticotropic hormone cortisol | adrenalin |
| What are effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine? | increased heart rate elevated blood pressure |
| What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex? cortisol sex hormones (androgens) adrenaline catecholamines aldosterone | cortisol sex hormones (androgens) aldosterone |
| During times of stress, the hypothalamus sends signals on ______ nerve fibers to the adrenal ______. parasympathetic; medulla parasympathetic; cortex sympathetic; cortex sympathetic; medulla | sympathetic; medulla |
| Of the two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, ____ promotes breakdown of glycogen in liver cells, increasing blood glucose levels, while _____ has little effect on those cells. | Field 1: epinephrine Field 2: norepinephrine |
| Jessica recently had bloodwork which revealed an imbalance of mineral electrolytes. Jessica's doctor suspects she may have an imbalance of the adrenal hormone _____ | Field 1: aldosterone |
| Catecholamines, like epinephrine, are synthesized from the amino acid | Tyrosine |
| Steroids such as aldosterone, cortisol and certain sex hormones are produced by the ______ | adrenal cortex |
| Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid that causes the kidneys to conserve _______ ions and water, and to excrete ______ ions. | sodium; potassium |
| What is the thin layer of the adrenal cortex just beneath the capsule that produces mineralocorticoids? zona reticularis zona fasciculata zona glomerulosa | zona glomerulosa |
| Changes in Ja and potas. concentrations in the blood have different effects on the cells that secrete aldosterone. An increase in potassium concentrations strongly ______ aldosterone secretion. A decrease in plasma sodium has a weak ______ effect on aldos | stimulates; stimulatory |
| What gland produces cortisol and aldosterone? | adrenal cortex |
| Which two stimuli cause an increase in the secretion of renin from the kidney? a decrease in blood sodium ion concentration an increase in blood pressure a decrease in blood pressure a decrease in calcium concentration | a decrease in blood sodium ion concentration a decrease in blood pressure |
| What hormone causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and water, and to excrete potassium ions. cortisol insulin aldosterone epinephrine | aldosterone |
| The conversion of __ into angiotensin I is catalyzed by renin. | angiotensinogen |
| Which of the following situations would stimulate a release of aldosterone? decrease in blood sodium ions increase in blood sodium ions increase in blood potassium ion levels decrease in blood potassium ion levels | decrease in blood sodium ions increase in blood potassium ion levels |
| What enzyme regulates the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II? Multiple choice question. angiotensin-converting enzyme angiotensinogen renin | |
| The kidney secretes ____ in response to a decrease in blood pressure and/or sodium ion concentration renin angiotensin aldosterone | renin |
| Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete | Aldosterone |
| Which reaction is catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)? angiotensinogen → angiotensin I angiotensin I → angiotensin II angiotensinogen → tensinogen | angiotensin I → angiotensin II |
| Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex in response to the presence of what substance | angiotensin II |
| Which of the following situations would stimulate a release of aldosterone? decrease in blood sodium ions increase in blood sodium ions increase in blood potassium ion levels decrease in blood potassium ion levels | decrease in blood sodium ions increase in blood potassium ion levels |
| What hormone helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure by conserving sodium ions and water in the kidney? aldosterone epinephrine antidiuretic hormone | aldosterone |
| What enzyme regulates the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II? angiotensin-converting enzyme renin angiotensinogen | angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| The kidney secretes ____ in response to a decrease in blood pressure and/or sodium ion concentration. | renin |
| Renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen into _____. Multiple choice question. angiotensin I correct tensin angiotensin II | angiotensin I |
| Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a ______ that affects glucose, protein, and fat metabolism and is produced in the ______ zone of the adrenal cortex. | glucocorticoid; middle |
| Aldosterone helps to regulate blood volume by stimulating Blank______ conservation in the kidneys. phosphate sodium calcium renin | sodium |
| The functions of cortisol (hydrocortisone) releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source. stimulates glucose from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration. lowers glucose between meals. | It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source. It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration. |
| Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex in response to the presence of what substance? prolactin antidiuretic hormone angiotensin II calcium | angiotensin II |
| Cortisol is secreted by the zona ___ of the adrenal cortex. | fasciculata |
| Cortisol secretion is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism involving secretion of ____ by the hypothalamus and ____ from the anterior pituitary gland. | corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) |
| The anterior pituitary gland secretes _____, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. TSH PRL ADH ACTH | ACTH |
| What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source? thyroxine insulin cortisol aldosterone | cortisol |
| Manuel has recently lost a loved one causing undue levels of stress, which stimulates his hypothalamus to release more CRH leading to a ______ concentration of ______ until the stress subsides. | higher; cortisol |
| Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is a ______ that affects glucose, protein, and fat metabolism and is produced in the ______ zone of the adrenal cortex. | glucocorticoid; middle |
| Cortisol secretion is regulated by a(n) ____ feedback mechanism. | negative |
| ACTH is released by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release the hormone _____ | Field 1: cortisol or hydrocortisone |
| Sex hormones are produced in the zona ___of the adrenal cortex. | Field 1: reticularis |
| The levels of ______ (secreted by the adrenal cortex) increase under conditions of stress, as a result of an increase of CRH (produced by the hypothalamus). | cortisol |
| A glucocorticoid secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is | cortisol |
| Cells in the inner zone of the adrenal cortex secrete adrenal ____ (male hormones) that can be converted into ___ (female hormones) in other locations of the body. | Field 1: androgens or androgen Field 2: estrogens or estrogen |
| What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source? thyroxine aldosterone insulin cortisol | cortisol |
| Manuel has recently lost a loved one causing undue levels of stress, which stimulates his hypothalamus to release more CRH leading to a ______ concentration of ______ until the stress subsides. | higher; cortisol |
| What are the two main functions of the pancreas? It secretes digestive enzymes. It secretes certain hormones. It removes certain hormones from the bloodstream. It secretes bile. | It secretes digestive enzymes. It secretes certain hormones. |
| Match the pancreatic islet cells with their secretion: Beta | Insulin |
| Match the pancreatic islet cells with their secretion: Alpha | Glucagon |
| Match the pancreatic islet cells with their secretion: Delta | Somatostatin |
| Cortisol secretion is regulated by a(n) ____ feedback mechanism. | negative |
| What gland synthesizes glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin? parathyroid gland pancreas thyroid gland | pancreas |
| What are the functions of cortisol (hydrocortisone)? | It stimulates glucose formation from noncarbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol, increasing the blood glucose concentration. It releases fatty acids to be used as an energy source. |
| In the pancreas islets, _____ cells secrete glucagon, _____ cells secrete insulin, and _____ cells secrete somatostatin. alpha, beta, delta delta, beta, alpha beta, delta, alpha | alpha, beta, delta |
| Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated by the pancreatic hormone | Field 1: glucagon |
| Glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin are secreted by the | Field 1: pancreas |
| Glucagon secretion increases when glucose levels are ______; thus glucagon secretion is regulated by a ______ feedback mechanism. low; positive high; positive low; negative high; negative | low; negative |
| What hormone helps control glucose levels by stimulating the use of noncarbohydrate sources to synthesize glucose and increasing the utilization of fatty acids as an energy source? | cortisol |
| The term that means low blood glucose concentration is | hypoglycemia |
| What are the two main functions of the pancreas? It secretes bile. It secretes certain hormones. It removes certain hormones from the bloodstream. It secretes digestive enzymes. | It secretes certain hormones. It secretes digestive enzymes. |
| Which pair of hormones acts antagonistically to one another? insulin and glucagon estrogen and LH melatonin and calcitonin T3 and T4 | insulin and glucagon |
| What are some effects of glucagon? | stimulates the liver to break down glycogen stimulates the conversion of noncarbohydrates (e.g., amino acids) into glucose raises blood glucose levels |
| The hormones secreted by the pancreas are somatostatin, ____ and ___ | Field 1: glucagon Field 2: insulin |
| The transport of glucose and amino acids into cells and the synthesis of protein and glycogen are promoted by the pancreatic hormone | insulin |
| What mechanisms are triggered when blood glucose is low (for example between meals)? increased conversion of glycogen to glucose pancreatic beta cells release insulin pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon | increased conversion of glycogen to glucose pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon |
| What is hypoglycemia? | a relatively low level of blood glucose concentration |
| The pancreatic hormone that antagonizes the effects of glucagon by suppressing the breakdown of glycogen is | Insulin |
| What mechanisms is triggered when blood glucose is high? pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon adrenal cortex releases cortisol | pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin |
| The pancreatic hormone that stimulates an increase in blood glucose levels is | Field 1: glucagon |
| The pancreatic hormones function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism. The pancreatic hormone ____ lowers blood glucose levels, while the pancreatic hormone _____ raises blood glucose levels. | insulin |
| What hormone decreases blood glucose concentration by activating facilitated diffusion of glucose through cell membranes and by stimulating conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver? | insulin |
| ____ is made by the delta cells of the pancreas and helps to regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin. | Field 1: Somatostatin or SS |
| is made by the delta cells of the pancreas and helps to regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin. | low; negative |
| What is a disease resulting from a hyposecretion of insulin or the inability of cells to respond to insulin Addison disease lupus Parkinson disease diabetes mellitus | diabetes mellitus |
| How does type 1 diabetes mellitus differ from type 2 diabetes mellitus? | Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from a lack of insulin, and type 2 diabetes mellitus results from an inability to respond to insulin. |
| Insulin is regulated through a ______ feedback mechanism. When blood glucose is ______, pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin | negative; high |
| The pancreatic hormones ____ and ____ function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism. | Field 1: insulin Field 2: glucagon |
| What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? gonadotropin oxytocin antidiuretic hormone melatonin | melatonin |
| Somatostatin helps to regulate glucose metabolism by ______ secretion of glucagon and insulin. | inhibiting |
| Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with a hyposecretion of, or the inability of cells to respond to, the hormone ____ | Insulin |
| What would stimulate the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland? | darkness |
| An inability to respond to insulin results in type _____ diabetes mellitus while a lack of insulin results in type _____ diabetes mellitus. | 2, 1 |
| What mechanisms is triggered when blood glucose is high? pancreatic alpha cells secrete glucagon adrenal cortex releases cortisol pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin | pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin |
| What is an effect of melatonin? It increases pigmentation in the skin. It stimulates production of white blood cells. It regulates circadian rhythms. It regulates blood glucose levels. | It regulates circadian rhythms. |
| In the pineal gland, melatonin is synthesized from | Field 1: serotonin |
| ___ is made by the delta cells of the pancreas and helps to regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin. | Field 1: Somatostatin or SS |
| Light rays ______ the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland. inhibit do not affect stimulate | inhibit |
| What hormone affects the production and differentiation of T lymphocytes and, thus, plays an important role in immunity? Multiple choice question. thymosin thyroxine aldosterone cortisol | thymosin |
| In response to light and dark, the hormone ____ is released, helping to regulate circadian rhythms. | Field 1: melatonin |
| The main hormone secreted by the thymus gland is ___ | Field 1: thymosin or thymosine |
| What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? oxytocin gonadotropin melatonin correct antidiuretic hormone | melatonin |
| The testes secrete ______. | testosterone |
| The thymus gland secretes thymosin, which targets ______. the brain T lymphocyte the pancreas the red bone marrow | T lymphocytes |
| What hormones do the ovaries secrete? progesterone estrogen oxytocin gonadotropins | progesterone estrogen |
| Identify the gland that produces the hormone thymosin. parathyroid thymus pineal gland thyroid | thymus |
| Erythropoietin is secreted by the _____ and stimulates _____. | kidneys; red blood cell production |
| The ___ are the male organs that secrete testosterone. | testes |
| The stress response is mediated by what system(s)? | both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system |
| With age, the decrease in _______ production results in increased susceptibility to infection due to a slowing of the maturation of B and T cells. | thymosin |
| The main hormone secreted by the thymus gland is | Field 1: thymosin or thymosine |
| The kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ which stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. | Field 1: erythropoietin or EPO |
| Stress responses include ________ activity of the sympathetic nervous system and ________ secretion of adrenal hormones. | increased; increased |
| The ____ gland noticeably shrinks with age, beginning before age 20 | Field 1: thymus |
| Choose all of the following that exhibit increased activity as a response to stress. | sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system adrenal gland |
| With age, the decrease in _______ production results in increased susceptibility to infection due to a slowing of the maturation of B and T cells. thymosin GH thyroid hormone insulin | thymosin |
| The stress response is mediated by what system(s)? | both the endocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system |
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