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Anatomy & Physiology
Endrocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The meaning of the prefix hyper- is ______. | above |
| Knowing the meaning of the prefix hypo-, what is the meaning of the word hypodermis? | a structure below the dermis |
| The meaning of the suffix -tropic is ____. | influencing |
| Choose all of the following that are major glands of the endocrine system. thymus pancreas heart thyroid liver | thymus pancreas thyroid |
| Chemical signals called ______ travel through the blood and then bind to receptors located on their target cells | hormones |
| Which prefix means above? hypo- endo- exo- hyper- | hyper- |
| Which type of glands secrete substances into tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces? | exocrine glands |
| What word root means influencing? toc- para- hyper- -tropic | -tropic |
| Together, the ____ system and the __ system coordinate and execute communication throughout the body | Nervous, Endocrine |
| The substances secreted by endocrine glands are called | hormones |
| A(n) ____ secretion affects only the cell that secretes it. | autocrine |
| What are characteristics of endocrine glands? -They secrete hormones into the blood stream. -They release secretions on a body surface. -They are ductless. -They secrete into ducts | They secrete hormones into the blood stream. They are ductless. |
| The meaning of the suffix -tropic is ____. | influencing |
| Which system uses chemicals released into the blood as a means of communication? cardiovascular system digestive system endocrine system nervous system | endocrine system |
| Paracrine secretions are released into the extracellular fluid and _______. | affect only neighboring cells |
| Hormones secreted by the endocrine system help to regulate ____ balance and ____ balance, as well as blood pressure. | Field 1: water Field 2: electrolyte or salt |
| Chemical signals called ______ travel through the blood and then bind to receptors located on their target cells. | hormones |
| A secretion of a "local hormone" which affects only the cell secreting it is a(n) _______ secretion. | autocrine |
| Many metabolic processes are regulated by ____ secreted by cells of the ___ system. | Field 1: hormones Field 2: endocrine |
| Endocrine glands secrete substances called ___ into the internal environment. | hormones |
| True or False: Hormones are released into the extracellular space surrounding endocrine cells and then diffuse into the bloodstream. | True |
| A(n) _____ secretion affects only the cell that secretes it. | autocrine |
| Which type of glands secrete substances into tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces? | exocrine glands |
| Chemically, in the broadest sense, hormones are classified as ______ hormones or ______ hormones | steroid non-steroid |
| Which of the following compounds are classified as nonsteroid hormones? | amines glycoproteins |
| Hormones classified as ____ hormones are lipids made of complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms. | steroid |
| Hormones are released into the _______ space surrounding endocrine cells and then diffuse into the bloodstream. intracellular extracellular glandular | extracellular |
| Aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones are all classified as what type of hormone?. nonpeptide hormones steroid hormones nonsteroid hormones | steroid hormones |
| What are examples of amine hormones? | epinephrine norepinephrine |
| Hormones that are classified into two categories based on their chemical composition are _____hormones and ____ hormones. | Steroid Nonsteroid |
| Amines, peptides, proteins and glycoproteins are classified as what type of hormones? | nonsteroid hormones |
| Which of the two major types of hormones are lipids, consisting of complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms? | steroid hormones |
| What are examples of steroid hormones? | aldosterone cortisol sex hormones |
| What are characteristics of epinephrine and norepinephrine? They are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine They are amines. They are a steroid-based hormone. They are synthesized in the adrenal cortex. | -They are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. -They are amines. |
| Steroid hormones are synthesized from _____ while nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from ____ ____ | Field 1: cholesterol Field 2: amino Field 3: acids or acid |
| Which of the following compounds are classified as nonsteroid hormones? glycoproteins cholesterol lipids amines | glycoproteins amines |
| Hormones classified as ___hormones are lipids made of complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms. | steroid |
| The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland is ______. | a protein |
| What organic compounds make up glycoprotein hormones? | protein and carbohydrate |
| What are peptide hormones? | hormones composed by short chains of amino acids |
| A group of compounds called Blank______ are derived from arachidonic acid and function to regulate the activity of neighboring cells. | prostaglandins |
| What are some examples of protein hormones? | growth hormone (GH) parathyroid hormone |
| Some hormones, such as those secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, are ______, i.e., they proteins with carbohydrates attached to them. | glycoproteins |
| What are examples of peptide hormones? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin (OT) |
| Which of the following compounds are classified as nonsteroid hormones? | glycoproteins amines |
| What locally acting chemicals are derived from arachidonic acid? | Prostaglandins |
| The hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland is ______. | a protein |
| What are some examples of steroid hormones? estrogen aldosterone growth hormone cortisol testosterone norepinephrine | estrogen aldosterone cortisol testosterone |
| What organic compounds make up glycoprotein hormones? protein and carbohydrate carbohydrate and cholesterol protein and lipids | protein and carbohydrate |
| What are peptide hormones? | hormones composed by short chains of amino acids |
| The hormone sensitivity of a target cell is determined by what factor? the presence and number of appropriate receptors the shape of the hormone molecule the thickness of the cell membrane the chemical nature of the hormone | the presence and number of appropriate receptors |
| A group of compounds called ______ are derived from arachidonic acid and function to regulate the activity of neighboring cells. | prostaglandins |
| Formed from protein and carbohydrate. They include follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone. | glycoprotein hormones |
| Formed from amino acids. They include: parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, prolactin. | protein hormones |
| Formed from amino acids. They include: antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone | peptide hormones |
| Formed from amino acids. They include: norepinephrine, epinephrine. | amine hormones |
| Formed from cholesterol. They include: estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol. | steroid hormones |
| After a long period of lower than normal hormone concentrations, the target cells might respond by ______ of the hormone's receptors. upregulating complete removal downregulating | upregulating |
| What are examples of peptide hormones? | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin (OT) |
| In order for a hormone to act on a target cell, it must bind to a specific | Receptor |
| Prostaglandins are synthesized from which of these chemical compounds? | Fatty acids |
| An increase in the number of receptors on a target cell, often in response to a prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone, is called ______ | upregulation |
| Downregulation often occurs in target cells after a prolonged presence of a hormone. This involves a(n) ______ in the number of receptors in a target cell. | decrease |
| Because they are weakly bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones can circulate in the blood for long periods of time. Which of the following mechanisms contribute to this? | When bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones are less likely to be excreted by the kidneys When bound to plasma proteins, steroid hormones are protected from enzymatic degradation. |
| Steroid hormones are _____ hormones. | lipid-soluble |
| After a long period of lower than normal hormone concentrations, the target cells might respond by ______ of the hormone's receptors. | upregulating |
| Thyroid hormones exhibit _______. | poor water solubility |
| What type of hormone is transported in the blood bound to a plasma protein? | steroid hormones |
| Insulin, a nonsteroid hormone, binds with a cell membrane receptor causing activation of proteins inside the cell. What would you consider insulin to be in this example? an enzyme incorrect a second messenger a first messenger | a first messenger |
| What is the relationship between steroid hormones and cell membranes? | Steroid hormones can diffuse easily through the cell membrane. |
| An increase in the number of receptors on a target cell, often in response to a prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone, is called ______. | upregulation |
| In a second messenger system of activation, what is considered the first messenger? | hormone |
| Which hormones derived from amino acids are poorly soluble in water, similar to steroid hormones? pancreatic hormones thyroid hormones hormones made in the adrenal cortex hormones made in the adrenal medulla | thyroid hormones |
| A _____ messenger is a biochemical (i.e., cAMP) generated in response to the binding of a hormone to a cell-surface receptor. Its role is to induce changes by activating other enzymes. | second |
| Protein molecules that act as receptors for nonsteroid hormones typically have a __ site, which interacts with the hormone. As a result, the __ site of the receptor interacts with other membrane proteins, triggering a cellular response. | Field 1: binding Field 2: activity |
| Often, nonsteroid hormones activate second messenger systems in target cells. In these cases, what is the nonsteroid hormone considered? first messenger second messenger third messenger | First messanger |
| What is an example of a commonly used second messenger that may be activated by nonsteroid hormones? cyclic AMP (cAMP) correct G protein Reason: A G protein is a link between a first and a second messenger. aldosterone steroid hormone | cyclic AMP (cAMP) |
| What acts as the link between a nonsteroid hormone and its second messenger, cAMP? | a G protein |
| When activated by a hormone, some target cells produce ______ which then induce the effects of the hormone stimulation within the cell. | second messengers |
| Amines, peptides, and proteins are examples of ______ hormones that bind to receptors in the target cell membranes. | nonsteroid |
| What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP? protein kinase phosphodiesterase adenylate cyclase | adenylate cyclase |
| Cyclic AMP (cAMP) molecules are ____ messengers that may be activated by nonsteroid hormones. | second |
| Protein kinases modify other proteins by attaching ______ to them. hydroxyl groups sugars phosphates methyl groups | phosphates |
| A G protein acts as a link between what two chemicals? | first and second messenger |
| Place in order the sequence of events initiated by some nonsteroid hormones. | 1. hormone binds to a receptor 2. G Protein is activated and activates adenylate cyclase 3. Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP into Cyclic AMP 4. cAMP activates protein kinases 5. Protein kinases phosphorylate substrates 6. Substrates change cellproc |
| Nonsteroid hormones often activate second messengers, which can induce many different cellular responses, such as altering membrane __, stimulating or inhibiting particular metabolic __, or even initiating the secretion of a different hormone. | Field 1: permeability or permeabilities Field 2: pathways |
| Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ______ into ______. hormone; cAMP cAMP; protein kinase ATP; cAMP G Protein; ATP | ATP; cAMP |
| Enzymes that regulate the action of other enzymes by attaching phosphates to them are called protein kinases. True False | True |
| What are some effects of prostaglandins? | promote inflammation help regulate blood pressure relax smooth muscles in the airways of the lungs |
| What acts as the link between a nonsteroid hormone and its second messenger, cAMP? adenylate cyclase a G protein a nuclear receptor cGMP | a G protein |
| What is the correct order of activation in a second messenger system using cAMP? cAMP; protein kinase; G protein; adenylate cyclase G protein; adenylate cyclase; cAMP; protein kinase adenylate cyclase; G protein; protein kinase; cAMP | G protein; adenylate cyclase; cAMP; protein kinase |
| Changes in membrane permeability, activation of enzymes or stimulation of metabolic pathways are all examples of cellular responses to what hormone class? | nonsteroid based hormones via second messenger systems |
| What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP? phosphodiesterase adenylate cyclase protein kinase | adenylate cyclase |
| Dilation of respiratory airways, release of adrenal cortex hormones, and promotion of inflammation are just some of the effects of paracrine substances called | prostaglandins or prostaglandin |
| Consider a hormone with the half-life of twenty minutes. If secretion were to stop, its concentration would drop by ____% in twenty minutes. | 50 |
| The blood levels of MOST hormones are regulated by ____ feedback systems. | Negative |
| One of the mechanisms for controlling hormonal secretion involves the ___ , which controls the anterior pituitary gland's release of tropic hormones. | hypothalamus |
| The nervous system stimulates some glands directly. For example, sympathetic impulses stimulate the ____ to release hormones. thyroid gland adrenal medulla pancreas adrenal cortex | adrenal medulla |
| Most hormones are regulated by ______ feedback mechanisms. | negative |
| Changes in membrane permeability, activation of enzymes or stimulation of metabolic pathways are examples of cellular responses to what hormone class? nonsteroid based hormones via second messenger system steroid-based hormones via gene activation | nonsteroid based hormones via second messenger systems |
| The hypothalamus controls the release of tropic hormones from the ______ lobe of the ______ gland. | anterior; pituitary |
| The pancreas is an example of an endocrine gland that secretes hormones in response to ______. | changes in the plasma concentration of a substance |
| Some endocrine glands, like the adrenal ______, secrete hormones in direct response to nerve impulses. | medulla |
| There are three general mechanisms that regulate hormone secretion and they all involve ______. | negative feedback |
| What is an example of a gland that secretes hormones in response to concentration of substances in the internal environment? | pancreas secretion of insulin |
| The nervous system stimulates some glands directly. For example, sympathetic impulses stimulate the ____ to release hormones. | adrenal medulla |
| How are the levels of a hormone typically maintained by negative feedback? They fluctuate slightly around a relatively stable average value. They are maintained at a particular average level but can fluctuate widely depending on conditions. | They fluctuate slightly around a relatively stable average value |
| Changes in membrane permeability, activation of enzymes or stimulation of metabolic pathways are all examples of cellular responses to what hormone class? | nonsteroid based hormones via second messenger systems |
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