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Anatomy & Physiology
Urinary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The _____ are vital excretory organs of the Urinary System that are responsible for maintaining homeostasis with composition, pH, and volume of | Kidneys |
| ____ remove metabolic wastes and excess biochemicals from the blood to form urine, while not depleting the body of essential substances: | Kidneys |
| What organ excretes drugs and their metabolites that would otherwise become toxic. | Kidneys |
| The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the _____ system | Renal |
| The medial surface of the kidney is the site of the renal ______, a depression and slit where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter and leave the kidney. | Hilum |
| Which region of the kidney is composed of renal pyramids? renal cortex renal capsule renal medulla renal sinus | renal medulla |
| What are the 2 distinct regions of the Kidney? | Inner/Renal Medulla Outer/Renal Cortex |
| Which functions does the urinary system regulate? Select all. excretion of drugs white blood cell production carbohydrate digestion volume of body fluids pH balance removal of metabolic wastes | excretion of drugs volume of body fluids pH balance removal of metabolic wastes |
| The superficial layer of kidney tissue, located just deep to the renal capsule, is the renal | Cortex |
| The kidneys lie on either side of the _____ column in a depression high on the ______ wall of the abdominal cavity. | Field 1: vertebral, vertebrae, or spinal Field 2: posterior |
| The kidneys are positioned _______ which means they are posterior to the parietal peritoneum and against the deep muscles in the back. | Retroperitoneally |
| The kidneys are located behind the peritoneum. The term that describes that location is _____ | retroperitoneal |
| The hilum of the kidney is the location where ______ pass into and out of the kidney. -blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter -collecting ducts and minor calyces -nephrons, afferent arterioles, and efferent arterioles | blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter |
| What is the renal capsule? The parietal peritoneum in the abdominal cavity The inner lining of the renal pelvis and calyces A fibrous membrane around the kidney The thin capsule that surrounds the glomerulus | a fibrous membrane around the kidney |
| Which region of the kidney lies just below the renal capsule? renal cortex renal sinus renal medulla renal hilum | renal cortex |
| The kidneys are on the ______ wall. | posterior abdominal |
| Urine flows from the ______ into the renal pelvis, and from there into the ureter. | major calyces |
| What is the thin fibrous sac that encloses the kidney called? | renal capsule |
| Which region of the kidney is composed of renal pyramids? | renal medulla |
| The layer of the kidney tissue found just deep to the renal capsule, distinct from the innermost layer of the kidney, is the renal ______. | cortex |
| Where are the kidneys located in the human body? on either side of the vertebral column on the anterior abdominal wall on the surface of the iliacus muscle | on either side of the vertebral column |
| The superior end of the ureter expands to form a funnel-shaped renal ____, located mostly within the renal sinus. | Pelvis |
| Urine passes from the collecting ducts into the ___ calyces, then into the ___ calyces before reaching the renal pelvis. | Minor Major |
| What is the renal capsule? a fibrous membrane around the kidney the parietal peritoneum in the abdominal cavity the inner lining of the renal pelvis and calyces the thin capsule that surrounds the glomerulus | a fibrous membrane around the kidney |
| Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______. | kidneys |
| The enzyme renin is secreted by the kidneys. What is its function? | regulation of blood pressure |
| Following the direction of urine flow, which structure does urine pass through right before reaching the ureter? major calyx urethra renal pelvis collecting duct | renal pelvis |
| The kidneys release a hormone called erythropoietin which regulates ______. | red blood cell production |
| What is the primary function of the kidneys? | regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid |
| What is hemodialysis? | A process using an artificial membrane that cleans the blood outside the body. |
| The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure by secreting an enzyme called | Renin |
| The superficial layer of kidney tissue, located just deep to the renal capsule, is the renal _____ , located mostly within the renal sinus. | Pelvis |
| The kidneys produce a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production called | erythropoietin |
| Following the path of blood through the kidneys, blood flows into the kidney via the ______ artery which then divides into several ______ arteries. | renal; interlobar |
| If a person is in renal failure, or if the kidneys are not functioning optimally, a person can be placed on _______, a process in which an artificial kidney cleanses the blood. | hemodialysis |
| Blood passes from an arcuate artery into which artery before entering afferent arterioles? | cortical radiate artery |
| Name the arterial branch that travels along the base of a renal pyramid, marking the boundary between the cortex and medulla. | arcuate artery |
| The vessel that supplies blood to the nephron is a(n) ___ arteriole. | afferent |
| Each afferent arteriole delivers blood to a mass of fenestrated blood capillaries within the renal corpuscle, called the ___ | Glomerulus |
| Name the arterial branch that passes through the renal medulla between the renal pyramids. | interlobar artery |
| From the glomerular capillaries, blood flows into which blood vessel? | efferent arteriole |
| Name the type of arteries that branch off from the arcuate arteries to extend into the cortex. | Cortical Radiate Artery |
| Following the path of blood through the kidneys, blood passes from the interlobar arteries into the ______ arteries. | arcuate |
| Which arteriole brings blood from the cortical radiate arteries into the nephron? | afferent arteriole |
| With the cortical nephrons, blood passes from the efferent arterioles directly into the ____ _____. | Peritubular Capillaries |
| From the afferent arterioles, blood flows into which type of blood vessel? | glomerular capillary |
| Describe the vasa recta. | capillary beds within renal medulla |
| Blood that passes through the glomerulus, and is not filtered, will enter the _____ arteriole | efferent |
| The ______ carries blood away from the kidney, joining the ______ to flow back to the heart. | renal vein; inferior vena cava |
| Name the capillaries that surround the renal tubules within the renal cortex. Multiple choice question. | peritubular capillaries |
| What type of capillary bed forms a relatively straight capillary loop in the renal medulla? | Vasa Recta |
| From the glomerular capillaries, blood flows into which blood vessel? | efferent arteriole |
| Which is the term for the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for urine production? | nephrons |
| Following the path of blood through the kidneys, blood passes from the interlobar arteries into the ______ arteries. | arcuate |
| With the cortical nephrons, blood passes from the efferent arterioles directly into the _____ capillaries | Peritubular |
| The thin-walled, sac-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtered fluid is called the _____ ____. | glomerular capsule |
| Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule. distal tubule collecting duct ureter proximal tubule nephron loop | distal tubule proximal tubule nephron loop |
| The functional units of the kidneys, responsible for filtration of the blood, are the | nephrons or nephron |
| The ______ carries blood away from the kidney, joining the ______ to flow back to the heart. | renal vein; inferior vena cava |
| Which are the two major components of a nephron? renal corpuscle renal column renal tubule renal pyramid collecting duct | renal corpuscle renal tubule |
| Name the double-walled structure within a nephron that is positioned around the glomerulus and receives glomerular filtrate. | glomerular capsule |
| Consider the order of segments of the renal tubule. What is the first part of the renal tubule called? | proximal tubule |
| From the glomerular capsule the order for the tubules of the nephron is ______. | proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule |
| Each kidney has about one million ____, the functional unit responsible for urine formation. | nephron |
| The ______ vein drains blood from the kidney and returns it to the heart via the inferior vena cava. | Renal |
| Tubular fluid flows from which renal tubular segment into the collecting duct? | distal tubule |
| The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n) | nephron |
| Distal tubules from several nephrons merge in the renal cortex to form a(n) _____ _____ | collecting duct |
| Leading away from the capsular space, glomerular filtrate first enters the ______. | proximal tubule |
| A collecting duct gathers urine and empties into which structure? | minor calyx |
| True or False: Within the nephron loop, tubular fluid first flows through the descending limb and then the ascending limb | True |
| Name the final segment of the renal tubule of a nephron. | distal tubule |
| The tubular structure that collects urine directly from several nephrons is called a ______. | collecting duct |
| The nephrons classified as ______ nephrons are located close to the kidney surface and have relatively short nephron loops. | cortical |
| The collecting duct is located mainly in the renal ______ and empties into the ______ calyx. | Field 1: medulla Field 2: minor |
| The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) consists of which two features? | juxtaglomerular (JG) cells and macula densa |
| Which tubule is shorter and less coiled than others? | distal tubule |
| Which structure secretes renin? | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| Name the subset of nephrons that has nephron loops extending deep into the renal medulla and renal corpuscles located near the renal medulla. | juxtamedullary nephrons |
| Which three processes are involved in the formation of urine? | tubular secretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption |
| Which structure is composed of epithelial cells, called macula densa, and smooth muscle cells? | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed. | Most |
| The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid? | Tissue Fluid |
| The process by which blood pressure forces fluid through the glomerular capillary walls into the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ____ | Filtration |
| Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration. | glomerular capillaries |
| The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration. | filtrate |
| Urine is formed through which three processes? tubular secretion glomerular secretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption renal excretion | tubular secretion glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption |
| List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate. uric acid amino acids proteins blood cells glucose | uric acid amino acids glucose |
| Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule. | glomerular filtration |
| Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration. | fenestrae |
| The diameters of afferent arterioles are ______ than those of the efferent arterioles. This difference causes blood to back up into the glomerulus, changing blood pressure which ______ filtration. | larger; favors |
| The fluid that leaves the glomerulus and enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular _______. | Filtrate |
| The amount of fluid per minute entering the nephrons of both kidneys is the _______ _____ _____. | Glomerular filtration rate |
| Where does glomerular filtration occur? | glomerular capillaries |
| Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will result in a(n) ______ in the net filtration pressure. | Increase |
| Would constriction of the afferent arteriole (with no change to the efferent arteriole) result in increased or decreased filtration at the glomerulus? | Decrease |
| True or False: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts. | False |
| Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus? | Vasoconstriction |
| Indicate which three of these situations would result in an increase in GFR. vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole. vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole decreased glomerular osmotic pressure increased arterial blood pressure | vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole decreased glomerular osmotic pressure increased arterial blood pressure |
| An increased glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure would cause net filtration pressure to ______ | decrease |
| What change in the afferent arteriole will lead to increased filtration at a glomerulus? | vasodilation |
| What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate? | hydrostatic pressure of blood the surface area available for filtration |
| If there were fewer plasma proteins, colloid osmotic pressure would ______ and there would be a(n) ______ in filtration rate. | decrease; increase |
| Which factor would increase the glomerular filtration rate? -a decrease in glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure -an increase in the colloid osmotic pressure of plasma -a decrease in glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure | a decrease in glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure |
| The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted. | much greater than |
| Clinically, what is the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood typically expressed as? -blood urea nitrogen -azoexcretion -catabolic nitrogen | blood urea nitrogen |
| Any condition that reduces glomerular capillary surface area will cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration. | decrease |
| When blood pressure increases, ______ arterioles increase the glomerular filtration rate back to its normal value. | vasodilation of afferent |
| If blood pressure falls too low for glomerular filtration to occur for a significant amount of time, ______ may result. | acute renal failure |
| What are two common tests used to evaluate kidney function? | blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels creatinine levels in blood |
| When systemic blood pressure drops, which change in kidney arterioles will maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate? | constriction of the efferent arterioles |
| If there were fewer plasma proteins, colloid osmotic pressure would ______ and there would be a(n) ______ in filtration rate. | decrease; increase |
| Which factor would increase the glomerular filtration rate? | a decrease in glomerular capsule hydrostatic pressure |
| What is one cause of acute renal failure? | very low blood pressure, as in shock |
| Clinically, what is the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood typically expressed as? | blood urea nitrogen |
| In the afferent arteriole, cells called renal baroreceptors sense a drop in ______. concentration of sodium partial pressure of oxygen blood pressure colloid osmotic pressure | blood pressure |
| When blood pressure increases, ______ arterioles increase the glomerular filtration rate back to its normal value. vasodilation of efferent vasoconstriction of afferent vasodilation of afferent vasoconstriction of efferent | vasodilation of afferent |
| Renin would be released by juxtaglomerular cells when the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the ascending limb of the nephron is ______. | Decreased |
| How is angiotensin II formed? Formed by the combination of renin and aldosterone. Formed from angiotensin I by renin. Formed from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme. Formed from angiotensin I by aldosterone. | Question It is formed from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme. |
| If blood pressure falls too low for glomerular filtration to occur for a significant amount of time, ______ may result. | acute renal failure |
| Specialized cells in the afferent arteriole that sense a drop in blood pressure are called renal _____ | baroreceptors |
| Angiotensin II causes ______ of arterioles in the kidneys, thus ______ GFR overall. | vasoconstriction; decreasing |
| Angiotensin II stimulates the release of which hormone? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone cortisol insulin thyroid hormone | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone |
| Renin secretion increases when blood pressure is ______. | decreased |
| What is the function of angiotensin-converting enzyme? It stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus. It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. It converts aldosterone to angiotensin II. | It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. |
| What is the action of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP)? | increased sodium excretion |
| The vasoconstricting hormone called ______ also stimulates secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. | angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex? | aldosterone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| ]Which change triggers an increase in plasma levels of the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)? | increased blood pressure |
| Patients with certain forms of hypertension take ACE inhibitors which inhibit the action of the enzyme that converts ______. | angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
| Which of the following stimulates the release of renin? | sympathetic stimulation decrease in blood pressure decreased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa |
| What is the function of angiotensin-converting enzyme? | It converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II. |
| During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______. | tubular fluid; blood |
| The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular _____ | reabsorption |
| An ACE inhibitor is an antihypertensive medication that prevents the formation of ______. | angiotensin II |
| The proximal tubule is the primary location for which process? | tubular reabsorption |
| Renin would be released by juxtaglomerular cells when the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the ascending limb of the nephron is ______. | decreased |
| Glucose reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubules? | proximal tubule |
| How is angiotensin II formed? | It is formed from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme. |
| Which transport mechanism is used for water reabsorption from the proximal tubule? | osmosis |
| In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular ____ | reabsorption |
| The proximal tubule reabsorbs ______ as the distal tubule. | different substances |
| True or False: Tubular reabsorption capacity is in part dependent on the number of available carrier molecules at any given time, thus creating a limited transport capacity. | True |
| Most of tubular reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubule? | proximal tubule |
| Which transport process results in reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule? -Osmosis -Simple Diffusion -Active Transport | Active Transport |
| Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of | osmosis |
| True or False: All segments of the renal tubule reabsorb the same substances. | False |
| Normally, ______, a solute in tubular fluid, is completely reabsorbed; none is found in urine. | glucose |
| What is meant when a mechanism has a limited transport capacity? | It is the upper limit of the rate that a solute can be reabsorbed. |
| The proximal tubule is the primary location for which process? | tubular reabsorption |
| Why is glucose found in the urine of diabetics? | The active transport mechanism in the renal tubule can't keep up with the amount of glucose in the tubular fluid. |
| Glucose reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubules? | proximal tubule |
| Reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule occurs by which mechanism? | Osmosis |
| Which term refers to an increase in urine volume? | diuresis |
| In a healthy (nondiabetic) individual, how much glucose is reabsorbed? | All of it |
| True or False: Tubular reabsorption capacity is in part dependent on the number of available carrier molecules at any given time, thus creating a limited transport capacity. | True |
| Tubular reabsorption capacity is in part dependent on the number of available carrier molecules at any given time, thus creating a limited transport capacity. | active transport |
| When the renal plasma threshold for glucose is reached, which of the following occurs? | Some glucose is secreted in the urine. |
| Which transport process results in reabsorption of glucose in the proximal tubule? | Diuresis |
| Normally, ______, a solute in tubular fluid, is completely reabsorbed; none is found in urine. | glucose |
| Amino acids in tubular fluid are reabsorbed back into the blood by which process? | active transport |
| In the proximal tubule, ______ is(are) reabsorbed by active transportWater and sodium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in a relationship that results in a(n) ______ in tubu.lar fluid volume that is ______ to plasma | sodium ions |
| Why is glucose found in the urine of diabetics? | The active transport mechanism in the renal tubule can't keep up with the amount of glucose in the tubular fluid. |
| The electrochemical gradient generated as sodium is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule also leads to the reabsorption of _____ by diffusion | Field 1: anions, chloride, or Cl- |
| Glucose reabsorption occurs in which segment of the renal tubules? | proximal tubule |
| Which substance is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via endocytosis? | protein |
| Water and sodium ions are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule in a relationship that results in a(n) ______ in tubular fluid volume that is ______ to plasma. | decrease; isotonic |
| By which mechanism is sodium reabsorbed from the proximal tubule? | active transport |
| The electrochemical gradient generated as the cation sodium (Na+) is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule leads to reabsorption of ______ such as Cl- by diffusion. | anions |
| Almost all of the sodium and water are ______ before urine is excreted. | reabsorbed |
| If a protein is filtered into the tubular fluid, how is it reabsorbed? | endocytosis |
| In the tubules, aldosterone stimulates _____ reabsorption and antidiuretic hormone stimulates ______ reabsorption | Field 1: sodium, Na, or Na+ Field 2: water |
| Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ______ as it follows sodium reabsorption. The result is a(n) ______ in tubular fluid volume. | osmosis; decrease |
| In the proximal tubule, ______ is(are) reabsorbed by active transport. | sodium ions |
| Because of tubular secretion, there can be ______ of a substance in the urine than was filtered from the blood. | more |
| The electrochemical gradient generated as sodium is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule also leads to the reabsorption of _____ by diffusion. | anions, chloride, or Cl- |
| Before urine is excreted, ______ of the sodium ions and water are reabsorbed. | almost all |
| Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______. | tubular secretion |
| Which substances regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the distal tubule and collecting duct? insulin aldosterone epinephrine angiotensin-converting enzyme antidiuretic hormone | aldosterone antidiuretic hormone |
| Due to the reabsorption of water and sodium from the proximal tubule, the tubular fluid is ______ to peritubular capillary blood plasma by the time it reaches the end of the proximal tubule. | isotonic |
| Because of tubular ______, more of a substance may be in the urine than was filtered from the blood. | secretion |
| The electrochemical gradient generated as the cation sodium (Na+) is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule leads to reabsorption of ______ such as Cl- by diffusion. | anions |
| In order to help maintain blood pH, hydrogen ions are ______ along the entire length of the nephron. | secreted |
| What is the process by which substances move out of the peritubular capillary and move into the renal tubule? | tubular secretion |
| Active reabsorption of sodium from tubular fluids results in a passive secretion of which of the following? They are actively secreted by the nephron. They are secreted via endocytosis They easily pass through the filtration membrane. | potassium ions |
| Because of tubular secretion, there can be ______ of a substance in the urine than was filtered from the blood. | more |
| In order to help maintain blood pH, ______ ions are secreted along the entire length of the nephron. | hydrogen |
| Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called tubular ______. | secretion |
| Identify substances that are actively secreted by the kidney tubules. glucose hydrogen ions drugs potassium water | hydrogen ions drugs potassium |
| A passive secretion of potassium ions follows active reabsorption of ____ ions from the tubular fluid. | Sodium |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases the reabsorption of _______ in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. | water |
| Because of tubular ______, more of a substance may be in the urine than was filtered from the blood | secretion |
| If ADH levels are high, ______ water will be reabsorbed and ______ water will be excreted in the urine. | more; less |
| Which two factors stimulate the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland? increased water concentration in body fluids decreased water concentration in body fluids increase in blood volume decrease in blood volume | decreased water concentration in body fluids decrease in blood volume |
| The action of ADH on the distal tubules and collecting ducts involves ______ reabsorption via osmosis. | water |
| How do certain organic compounds and drugs, like penicillin, end up in the urine? | They are actively secreted by the nephron. |
| Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts. | antidiuretic hormone |
| If ADH levels are ______, less water will be reabsorbed and the volume of urine will ______. | low; increase |
| ADH acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts to increase _____ reabsorption. | |
| Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______. | water |
| The countercurrent segments of the nephrons are located in which layer of kidney tissue? | renal medulla |
| If ADH levels are high, ______ water will be reabsorbed and ______ water will be excreted in the urine. | more; less |
| The thick segment of the nephron loop is ______ to water. | impermeable |
| Which limb of the nephron loop is permeable to water but not solutes? | descending limb |
| How do certain organic compounds and drugs, like penicillin, end up in the urine? | They are actively secreted by the nephron. |
| Which two factors does this process depend on? active reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending limb countercurrent flow in the distal tubule active reabsorption of Na in the thin descending limb counter flow in the nephron loop | active reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending limb countercurrent flow in the nephron loop |
| Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier? proximal tubule collecting duct nephron loop distal tubule | nephron loop |
| Which conditions lead to production of a more dilute urine? | water reabsorption decreases ADH secretion decreases |
| The ______ segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water, and is permeable to NaCl. | Thick |
| True or False: The water permeability of cells lining the distal tubule and collecting duct always remains constant. | False |
| Water is able to leave the tubular fluid of the ____ segment of the nephron loop, following its osmotic gradient. | Thin |
| As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ______. | increasing |
| If the fluids of the body contain excess water, then ADH secretion will be ______ and the urine produced will be ______. | decreased; dilute |
| Water permeability of the distal tubule ______. remains constant at all times varies depending on hormone regulation decreases with increased blood pressure increases with decreased blood pressure | varies depending on hormone regulation |
| In order to conserve water, the body makes ______ urine by ______ the levels of ADH in the bloodstream, which results in ______ water being reabsorbed in the collecting ducts. | concentrated; increasing; more |
| The countercurrent multiplier allows for a hypertonic interstitial fluid which leads to water reabsorption. Which two factors does this process depend on? | active reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending limb countercurrent flow in the nephron loop |
| Which compound is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine? | Urea |
| If there is excess water in the blood, ADH secretion is ______. As a result ______ water is reabsorbed in the kidneys and the urine becomes more ______. | decreased; less; dilute |
| A product of the catabolism of the purine bases adenine and guanine that is excreted in the urine is called ______. | uric acid |
| If the fluids of the body are too concentrated (water levels are low), then ADH secretion will be ______ and the urine produced will be ______. | increased; concentrated |
| As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ______. | increasing |
| The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is | Urea |
| The most abundant component of urine is | water |
| What is uric acid? byproduct of amino acid catabolism byproduct of nucleic acid metabolism byproduct of lipid metabolism byproduct of carbohydrate metabolism | byproduct of nucleic acid metabolism |
| When dehydration is a threat, ADH secretion ______, causing water reabsorption to ______, producing ______ concentrated urine. | increases; increase; more |
| The countercurrent multiplier allows for a hypertonic interstitial fluid which leads to water reabsorption. Which two factors does this process depend on? | active reabsorption of sodium in the thick ascending limb countercurrent flow in the nephron loop |
| Indicate three characteristics that correctly describe the composition of normal urine. | 95% water some electrolytes present urea and uric acid present |
| A product of the catabolism of the purine bases adenine and guanine that is excreted in the urine is called ______ | uric acid |
| Water excretion in the urine is ______ solute excretion. | independent of |
| If the fluids of the body are too concentrated (water levels are low), then ADH secretion will be ______ and the urine produced will be ______. | increased; concentrated |
| As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ______. | increasing |
| True or False: Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity can influence urine output. | True |
| The most abundant component of urine is | Water |
| If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition? higher-than-normal aldosterone secretion lower-than-normal ADH secretion glomerular damage | glomerular damage |
| The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys. | water |
| The countercurrent multiplier allows for a hypertonic interstitial fluid which leads to water reabsorption. Which two factors does this process depend on? | kidney; urinary bladder |
| Indicate three factors that influence urine production. amount of carbohydrate in diet emotional state body position hydration level environmental temperature and humidity | emotional state hydration level environmental temperature and humidity |
| The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal | clearance |
| What determines the composition of urine? The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment. The amount of exercise and stress the body is under. Urine composition is always the same | The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment. |
| If the fluids of the body are too concentrated (water levels are low), then ADH secretion will be ______ and the urine produced will be ______. | increased; concentrated |
| The tube conveying urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder is a(n) | ureter |
| Stress has been shown to ______ ADH secretion, which ______ urine volume. | increase; reduces |
| The layer of the ureter that is made up of smooth muscle fibers is the ______ layer | Field 1: middle, muscular, muscular coat, or muscularis |
| Due to the angle that the ______ enters the bladder, urine ______ able to flow in the reverse direction. | ureter; is not |
| The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys. | water |
| As the bladder fills with urine, what happens to the shape of the bladder? | The superior dome expands upward. |
| Due to the presence of ______ tissue lining of the bladder, the thickness of the wall changes with the filling status of the bladder. | transitional epithelial |
| The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the ______. | ureter |
| What is the correct order of the three layers of the ureter wall starting with the innermost layer? mucous coat, muscular coat, fibrous coat fibrous coat, mucous coat, muscular coat fibrous coat, muscular coat, mucous coat | mucous coat, muscular coat, fibrous coat |
| Urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by ______. | compression of the ureteral openings |
| When the bladder is empty, the inner wall ______. When the bladder fills with urine it expands ______. | has many folds; upward |
| Which structural elements enable the distention of the urinary bladder? | The lining of the urinary bladder is composed of transitional epithelial tissue. The wall of the urinary bladder is folded. The wall of the urinary bladder is made up of stretchable smooth muscle tissue. |
| Name the tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the the body. | urethra |
| The layer of the ureter that is made up of smooth muscle fibers is the ___ layer. | middle, muscular, muscular coat, or muscularis |
| Due to the angle that the ______ enters the bladder, urine ______ able to flow in the reverse direction. | Detrusor |
| True or False: Urine exits the body via the external urethral orifice | True |
| Due to the presence of ______ tissue lining of the bladder, the thickness of the wall changes with the filling status of the bladder. | transitional epithelial |
| In the ______, the ______ carries both urine and reproductive secretions. | male; urethra |
| Define the term micturition. | Urination |
| Which of the urinary sphincters is made of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control? | external urethral sphincter |
| What is the result of the micturition reflex? contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter relaxation of the external urethral sphincter | contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter |
| During the filling of the bladder, the internal urethral sphincter is ______ and the external urethral sphincter is ______. | contracted; contracted |
| The process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder is called urination or ____ | micturition |
| Stretching of the wall of the urinary bladder initiates the ___ reflex | Micturition |
| The external urethral sphincter is comprised of _____ muscle | Skeletal |
| Even when a micturition reflex has been stimulated, urination can be stopped by conscious ______. | contraction of the external urethral sphincter |
| The loss of control of micturition is called | incontinence |
| In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle ______ and the internal urethral sphincter ______. | contracts; relaxes |
| The detrusor muscle is ______ in order for the bladder to expand to fill with urine. | relaxed |
| The micturition reflex is initiated by the ______. | stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder |
| Urination can be prevented by conscious contraction of the ____ urethral sphincter | external |
| What is incontinence? Multiple choice question. loss of control of micturition backup of urine into the kidney tubules lack of urine production | loss of control of micturition |
| With age, reabsorption of sodium becomes ______ efficient and the secretion of drugs ______. | less; decreases |
| During the filling of the bladder, the internal urethral sphincter is ______ and the external urethral sphincter is ______. | contracted; contracted |
| Stretching of the wall of the urinary bladder initiates the ____ reflex | micturition |
| Incontinence, the uncontrolled leakage of urine, ______ considered part of the normal aging process and is more common in ______. | is not; men |
| The thickening of renal tubules has which of the following effects on reabsorption and secretion? | Secretion of drugs slows. Reabsorption of sodium is less efficient. |
| The detrusor muscle is ______ in order for the bladder to expand to fill with urine. | relaxed |
| Which root word means "outside"? intra- neutra- extra- im- de- | extra |
| Which root word means "within"? neutra- extra- intra- im- de- | intra |
| Indicate two mechanisms employed to maintain water and electrolyte balance. replace lost water and electrolytes excrete any excess water and electrolytes replace lost water only excrete excess water without the electrolytes | replace lost water and electrolytes excrete any excess water and electrolytes |
| Water in the body, with its dissolved electrolytes, is distributed into two major compartments: a(n) inner ____ fluid compartment and a(n) ___ fluid compartment. | Field 1: intracellular Field 2: extracellular |
| All of the fluid found within the cells of the body is contained in the _____ fluid compartment. | intracellular |
| All of the water and electrolytes outside of cell membranes collectively comprise the ______ fluid compartment. transcellular intracellular extracellular interstitial | Extracellular |
| Movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is due to two factors: _____ pressure and ____ pressure. | Field 1: hydrostatic Field 2: osmotic |
| To maintain water and electrolyte balance, the quantities entering the body must ______ those leaving the body. | equal |
| Movement of fluid from capillaries into interstitial spaces is due to which pressure? hydrostatic pressure colloid osmotic pressure | hydrostatic pressure |
| Indicate four fluids that are part of the extracellular fluid compartment. intracellular fluids cytosol lymph interstitial fluids plasma transcellular fluid | lymph interstitial fluids plasma transcellular fluid |
| Fluid moves from the interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries due to ______ pressure of the interstitial fluid. osmotic hydrostatic | hydrostatic |
| What is the importance of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in body fluid regulation? regulate fluid input and output, and thus, fluid balance. determine the electrolyte composition of each compartment. contribute to movement of fluid bet | They contribute to movement of fluid between compartments. |
| Indicate two mechanisms employed to maintain water and electrolyte balance.. replace lost water and electrolytes replace lost water only excrete any excess water and electrolytes excrete excess water without the electrolytes | replace lost water and electrolytes excrete any excess water and electrolytes |
| Intracellular fluid and the surrounding interstitial fluid ordinarily have equal values for _____ pressure | hydrostatic |
| A(n) ______ in extracellular sodium concentration causes a net movement of water from the extracellular compartment into the intracellular compartment by osmosis. | decrease |
| What causes the net inward force that shifts fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries? colloid osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure | colloid osmotic pressure |
| The movement of water between compartments following changes in sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid is due to what process? | Osmosis |
| Which force causes interstitial fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries? hydrostatic pressure of lymph in lymphatic capillaries colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid | hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid |
| Which two factors make major contributions to the movement of fluid from one compartment to another? hydrostatic pressure partial pressure of gases osmotic pressure atmospheric pressure | hydrostatic pressure osmotic pressure |
| Net fluid movement between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid results from changes in ______ pressure. hydrostatic osmotic atmospheric | osmotic |
| Increased extracellular sodium causes cells to ______. Conversely, decreased extracellular sodium causes cells to ______. These changes are due to osmotic movement of water. | shrink; swell |
| If the extracellular sodium ion concentration increases, ______. cells swell as they gain water by simple diffusion cells swell as they gain water by osmosis cells shrink as they lose water by active transport cells shrink as they lose water b | cells shrink as they lose water by osmosis |
| What is the result of movement of water following changes in sodium concentrations in body fluids? equal water and electrolyte concentrations inside and outside of cells reduced water concentration in fluid compartment with higher sodium concent | equal water and electrolyte concentrations inside and outside of cells |
| Intracellular fluid and the surrounding interstitial fluid ordinarily have equal values for ______ pressure. | hydrostatic |
| Changes in kidney function alter water ______ while the thirst center regulates water ______. | output; intake |
| A(n) ______ in extracellular sodium concentration causes a net movement of water from the extracellular compartment into the intracellular compartment by osmosis. increase decrease | decrease |
| Which receptors detect changes in concentrations of dissolved solutes in the blood? osmoreceptors nociceptors proprioceptors baroreceptors | osmoreceptors |
| Which force causes interstitial fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries? colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure of blood in tissue capillaries hydrostatic pressure of lym | hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid |
| How does antidiuretic hormone influence regulation of water output? | ADH changes the permeability of renal tubules to water. |
| When the body loses too much water, whether through excess vomiting or increased urination, a condition called ___ results | dehydration |
| Water intake is regulated via ______ and water output is regulated via ______. | thirst centers; changes in kidney function |
| Hyponatremia is a condition in which there is too little _____ in the blood. water calcium potassium sodium | sodium |
| Increased extracellular sodium causes cells to ______. Conversely, decreased extracellular sodium causes cells to ______. These changes are due to osmotic movement of water. | shrink; swell |
| If plasma protein concentration decreases, interstitial fluid movement into the venular end of capillaries will ______ due to a ______ in colloid osmotic pressure. | decrease; decrease |
| When the quantity of electrolytes gained equals the quantity lost, the body is in electrolyte | Balance |
| Most changes in urine volume are linked to varying levels of the hormone called | ADH |
| Indicate the three lists that include the electrolytes of greatest importance to cellular functions. sodium, potassium, calcium phosphate, bicarbonate, hydrogen ions magnesium, chloride, sulfate manganese, hydroxyl ions, iron | sodium, potassium, calcium phosphate, bicarbonate, hydrogen ions magnesium, chloride, sulfate |
| Consuming too much water (water intoxication) dilutes the sodium in the blood, leading to a condition called _____ | hyponatremia |
| Hypoproteinemia decreases the colloid osmotic pressure of blood plasma, ______ the movement of interstitial fluid into the venule end of the capillary, causing edema. decreasing increasing | decreasing |
| Electrolyte balance exists when the quantities of electrolytes that the body gains ______ the quantities that the body loses. are less than equal are more than | equal |
| How does antidiuretic hormone influence regulation of water output? ADH causes more filtration of the blood, producing more tubular fluid and, thus, more urine. ADH changes the permeability of renal tubules to water. | ADH changes the permeability of renal tubules to water. |
| True False: Sodium and potassium are the only ions that are important in cellular functions. | False |
| On warmer days and during strenuous exercise, electrolytes are lost in ___ | sweat |
| Which set of electrolytes is important for impulse conduction in neurons, muscle fiber contraction, and maintenance of cell membrane permeability? | sodium, potassium, and calcium ions |
| Maintaining the resting membrane potential of muscle and nerve cells requires a balance between the cations sodium and _____ | potassium |
| Most changes in urine volume are linked to varying levels of the hormone called | ADH |
| In the extracellular fluid, nearly 90% of the cations are ______ ions. potassium calcium chloride sodium | sodium |
| When the renal tubules actively reabsorb sodium, the _______ anion follows passively. | Chloride |
| Indicate two routes by which electrolytes are lost from the body. | sweat urine and feces |
| In response to active renal reabsorption of sodium ions, which negatively charged ions are passively reabsorbed? | chloride ions |
| Indicate three major cations that are required for nerve conduction, muscle contraction, and maintenance of cell membrane potential. potassium ion sodium ion chloride ion calcium ion bicarbonate ion | potassium ion sodium ion calcium ion |
| Potassium is important in maintaining the resting membrane potential of ______ cells and ______ cells. | nerve cardiac muscle |
| A low blood potassium concentration is called | hypokalemia |
| Sodium is the most abundant cation in the ______ fluid | extracellular |
| When sodium ions are actively reabsorbed in the renal tubules, _______ ions are electrically attracted to them and follow passively. | chloride |
| Since potassium is important in the repolarization phase of an electrical signal, what symptoms would you expect to see with hypokalemia? | muscle weakness |
| In response to active renal reabsorption of sodium ions, the anions that are passively reabsorbed are the ____ ions. | Chloride |
| Indicate three functions that require precise concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+). respiratory control muscle fiber contraction nerve impulse conduction maintenance of cell membrane potential | muscle fiber contraction nerve impulse conduction maintenance of cell membrane potential |
| Increased concentration of potassium in the blood is called | Field 1: hyperkalemia |
| In the extracellular fluid, nearly 90% of the cations are ______ ions. | sodium |
| A symptom of hypokalemia is ______. | muscular weakness |
| In response to active renal reabsorption of sodium ions, which negatively charged ions are passively reabsorbed? Multiple choice question. chloride ions phosphate ions sulfate ions | chloride ions |
| Sodium is the most abundant cation in the ______ fluid. | extracellular |
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