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Anatomy & Physiology
Digestive System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is mechanical digestion? | the breakdown of large food particles into smaller ones |
| A series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into monomers is known as _____ digestion | Chemical |
| Identify the accessory organs of the digestive system. | gallbladder pancreas liver salivary glands |
| What is the innermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract called? | Mucosa |
| The layer in the wall of the alimentary canal that is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the ______ | submucosa |
| The physical breakdown of food into smaller particles (by processes such as chewing and segmentation) is known as ______ digestion. | Mechanical |
| Which muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract? | Smooth |
| Enzymes breaking down nucleic acids into nucleotides in the small intestine is an example of what type of digestion? | Chemical Digestion |
| A thin layer of areolar tissue topped by epithelium on the exterior of the digestive tract is known as the ______. | serosa |
| The innermost layer that lines the alimentary canal is called the ______ or mucus membrane. | mucosa |
| The thick layer of connective tissue between the mucosa and the muscularis externa in the wall of the digestive tract is the ______. | submucosa |
| True or False: The majority of the muscularis externa consists of two layers of skeletal muscle. | False |
| The layer of the digestive tract consisting of a thin layer of areolar tissue topped by simple squamous mesothelium is known as the visceral peritoneum, or the ______. | Serosa |
| Name the Organs: Alimentary canal | Stomach, Esophagus, Small instestine |
| Name the Organs: Accessory | Liver, Gallbladder |
| What is the innermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract called? | Mucosa |
| In the alimentary canal, the muscle fibers of the inner muscular coat (inner) are ______ and the fibers of the outer muscular coat (Outer) are ______. | circular; longitudinal |
| The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of two basic types: mixing movements also known as _______ and propelling movements also known as _______. | Segmentation Peristalsis |
| Which digestive process occurs in the oral cavity? | mastication |
| Which structure in the mouth is a rounded mass of lymphatic tissue? | lingual tonsil |
| Palatine tonsils are located where in the throat? | On sides |
| Which set of tonsils is also called the adenoids? | Pharyngeal tonsils |
| ______ is a mixing movement that occurs by alternately contracting and relaxing the smooth muscle in nonadjacent segments of the digestive tract ______ is a wavelike propelling movement that pushes the contents ahead. | segmentation; peristalsis |
| Mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth occurs by ______. | mastication |
| Permanent teeth replace milk or _ teeth. | Baby |
| What are the lingual tonsils? | rounded masses of lymphatic tissue |
| The masses of lymphatic tissue located on the sides at the back of the mouth that are a common site of infection are called the ______. | palatine tonsils |
| The tonsils located on the posterior wall of the pharynx, above the soft palate, are the __tonsils, also known as adenoids. | pharyngeal |
| The secondary set of teeth consists of __ teeth in the entire mouth. (Type in a numerical response.) | 32 |
| The portion of a tooth that is above the gum is known as the ______ of the tooth. | crown |
| Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth. | permanent, deciduous |
| What part of the tooth is the root? | the part of the tooth below the gumline |
| The hard noncellular substance that covers the crown of a tooth is ______. | Enamel |
| How many permanent (secondary) teeth are in the upper jaw? | 16 |
| The part of a tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the | crown |
| What makes up the bulk of the tooth and surrounds the tooth's central cavity? It is not normally visible when brushing one's teeth. | Dentin |
| Beneath the dentin layer of a tooth is a central cavity, which contains ___ including blood vessels and nerves. | Pulp |
| The portion of the tooth within the alveolus is known as the | Root |
| Inflammation of the gums, which can eventually lead to tooth loss, is called | Gingivitis |
| Pulp supplies teeth with oxygen, nutrients and sensation. It is found inside the ______ | Central cavity |
| The three major salivary glands are: | Parotid submandibular sublingual |
| Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ____ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ____, which lubricates the food during swallowing. | Amylase Mucus |
| The enzyme that is secreted into the mouth to begin starch digestion is salivary ______. | Amylase |
| A salivary gland has two types of cells: _ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and _ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowi | Serous Mucous |
| Which salivary gland is primarily composed of serous cells and secretes a clear, watery fluid rich in salivary amylase? | parotid gland |
| Salivary amylase breaks ______ down into ______. | starch; disaccharides |
| Which pair of salivary glands is located on the floor of the mouth and contains equal amounts of mucous and serous cells? | submandibular glands |
| Where is the pharynx located? | posterior to the oral cavity |
| What is the composition of the secretions of the parotid gland? | clear, watery serous fluid rich in salivary amylase |
| Where are the sublingual glands located? | in the floor of the mouth under the tongue |
| The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______. | pharynx |
| What is a bolus? | chewed food mixed with saliva |
| Where is the stomach located? | in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity |
| The two passageways that convey food from the mouth to the stomach, assisting in swallowing but not digestion, are the ____ and the ______ | Pharynx Esophagus |
| What are gastric rugae? | folds of the stomach lining |
| Which pair of salivary glands is located on the floor of the mouth and contains equal amounts of mucous and serous cells? | submandibular glands |
| The organ that starts the digestion of proteins is the | stomach |
| The stomach has three layers of smooth muscle in its walls: circular layer, longitudinal layer and ____ layer. | oblique |
| The J-shaped, 25- to 30-centimeter long, pouchlike organ located inferior to the diaphragm in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity is the | Stomach |
| The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric | rugae or folds |
| The salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the lower jaw, and that secrete a viscous fluid, are the _____ glands. | submandibular |
| What are functions of the stomach? | absorbs small amounts of nutrients mixes food with gastric juice starts the digestion of protein |
| Most parts of the alimentary canal have two layers of smooth muscle in the walls, a longitudinal and circular layer. However, a third oblique layer is present in the _______ | stomach |
| Which muscular band regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum? | pyloric sphincter |
| Collectively, hydrochloric acid, water, pepsin, and mucus all are components of what fluid? | gastric juice |
| What are gastric rugae? | folds of the stomach lining |
| Which pair of salivary glands is located on the floor of the mouth and contains equal amounts of mucous and serous cells? | submandibular glands |
| The cells in the gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, are the __ cells | Field 1: chief, peptic, or zymogenic |
| The organ that starts the digestion of proteins is the | Stomach |
| The cells in the gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor are the ____ | Parietal |
| The muscular band that regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum is the ______ sphincter | Pyloric, gastroduodenal, or Pyloric |
| List four components of gastric juice | hydrochloric acid lipase water pepsin |
| The inactive form of pepsin is | pepsinogen |
| What do chief cells, found in gastric glands, secrete? | digestive enzymes |
| What do parietal cells, found in gastric glands, secrete? | hydrochloric acid |
| The enzyme that begins digestion of protein in the stomach is : | Pepsin |
| Which muscular band regulates the passage of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum? | pyloric sphincter |
| An enzyme that digests dietary fats in the stomach is called gastric | Lipase |
| Pepsinogen is secreted by ______ cells of the gastric glands, and is a precursor to ______. | chief; pepsin |
| Pepsin breaks down ______ into ______. | proteins; polypeptides |
| Which gastric enzyme digests dietary fats in the stomach? | lipase |
| Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of ______ from food in the small intestine. | vitamin B12 |
| Which peptide hormone increases the secretory activity of gastric glands and promotes the release of histamine from gastric mucosal cells? | gastrin |
| What do chief cells, found in gastric glands, secrete? | digestive enzymes |
| The hormone ______ is secreted by the small intestine in response to fat and proteins in gastric contents entering the intestine. | cholecystokinin |
| List the substances absorbed from the stomach. | small volumes of water alcohol lipid-soluble drugs |
| Produced in the stomach, a factor that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine is called _____ factor | intrinsic |
| The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as | chyme |
| A peptide hormone that increases the secretory activity of gastric glands is called | Gastrin |
| The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the | Pancreas |
| Where is the pancreas located? | closely associated with small intestine posterior to the parietal peritoneum |
| What is the role of the hormone cholecystokinin? | decrease gastric motility |
| True or false: Most absorption of digestive products occurs in the stomach. | False |
| The cells that secrete pancreatic juice are called pancreatic ____ cells | acinar |
| pancreatic secretion with the type of secretion process: Insulin | Endocrine secretion |
| pancreatic secretion with the type of secretion process: Pancreatic Juice | Exocrine |
| A spongy retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines is the | pancreas |
| Which duct carries digestive enzymes from pancreatic cells to the duodenum? | pancreatic duct |
| Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______. | carbohydrates; disaccharides |
| What does pancreatic lipase break down? | fats |
| Which accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine? | Pancreas |
| Which enzyme breaks down proteins? | trypsin |
| The duct that runs lengthwise through the pancreas, joining the bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla is the _____ duct. | pancreatic |
| The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic | amylase |
| Trypsinogen, a proteolytic enzyme secreted in the pancreas in its inactive form, is activated to trypsin when it interacts with the enzyme ______ which is secreted by the mucosa of the small intestine. | Enterokinase |
| Identify the major proteolytic enzymes produced by the pancreas | trypsin carboxypeptidase chymotrypsin |
| In order to avoid damage to the secreting cells and ducts of the pancreas, ______ enzymes are produced and released by the pancreas in an ______ form. | proteolytic; inactive |
| Nucleases break ______ down into ______. | nucleic acids; nucleotides |
| Why are the proteolytic enzymes that are produced by the pancreas stored in zymogen granules and secreted in an inactive form? | It prevents digestion of the proteins in secreting cells and ducts of the pancreas. |
| Identify the enzyme that activates chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase. | trypsin |
| Which enzyme breaks down proteins? | trypsin |
| Which type of enzyme is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form? | proteolytic enzymes |
| Which component of pancreatic juice helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach? | bicarbonate ions |
| The enzyme that digests nucleic acids is called | nuclease deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, nucleases, deoxyribonucleases, or ribonucleases |
| The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______. | bicarbonate ions |
| When chyme containing proteins and fats enters the small intestine, cells in the duodenal wall release the peptide hormone called , which stimulates the release of pancreatic juice from acinar cells. | cholecystokinin |
| Kupffer cells found within the sinusoids of the liver are macrophages that remove bacteria from the blood by the process of _______ | phagocytosis |
| The right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the ______ hepatic duct. | common |
| Pancreatic juice has an alkaline pH, due to the presence of ______ ions. | Bicarbonate |
| Bile passes from the bile ______ into the larger bile ______, before it flows into bile ducts. | canaliculi; ductules |
| The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is | secretin |
| Which hormone, when released by cells in the wall of the duodenum, stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice containing a high concentration of digestive enzymes? | cholecystokinin |
| What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver? | They act as macrophages, destroying bacteria. |
| Hepatic cells responding to the hormone insulin lower the blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to form ____ | glycogen |
| The common hepatic duct is formed by the convergence of which two structures? | right and left hepatic ducts |
| Regarding lipid metabolism, which molecules does the liver synthesize? | lipoproteins phospholipids cholesterol |
| After bile is synthesized by hepatic cells within hepatic lobules it flows through fine ______, then through ______. Structures from neighboring lobules, converge to become ______. | bile canaliculi; bile ductules; hepatic ducts |
| What roles does the liver play in the metabolism of proteins? | deamination of amino acids synthesis of plasma proteins synthesis of clotting factors conversion of certain amino acids into other amino acids formation of urea |
| The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______. | bicarbonate ions |
| Which are functions of the liver? | removal of worn-out red blood cells detoxify blood formation of plasma proteins break glycogen down into glucose |
| When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose. | lower; raise |
| Hepatic cells produce a yellowish-green liquid called ____ that assists with lipid digestion. | bile |
| The organ that oxidizes fatty acids, synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol, and also converts portions of carbohydrate molecules into fats is the | liver |
| The organ that plays an important role in protein metabolism by deaminating amino acids; forming urea; synthesizing plasma proteins, such as clotting factors; and converting certain amino acids into other amino acids is the ___. | liver |
| Indicate which of the following are functions of the adult liver. | storage of glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, and B12 carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism secretion of bile removal of toxins from blood |
| What is made from cholesterol and is the only component of bile to have a digestive function? | bile salts |
| Where is bile produced? | liver |
| As the liver breaks down old worn-out red blood cells, it breaks down hemoglobin. What is a byproduct of this breakdown? | bilirubin |
| Jaundice is often caused by liver disease, and is characterized by a buildup of ______ in the blood. | bilirubin |
| Which are substances produced by the liver? | plasma proteins phospholipids glycogen bile |
| What are bile salts made from? | cholesterol |
| What is bilirubin? | It is a bile pigment. |
| A yellowish color of the skin, sclerae of the eyes, and mucous membranes due to an excessive concentration of bilirubin is a condition known as _______. | jaundice |
| What is the function of the gallbladder? | store and concentrate bile |
| What is the function of bile salts? | increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes |
| What is emulsification? | a process that breaks fat droplets down into smaller droplets |
| The small intestine is a tubular organ that connects which two organs in the digestive tract? | stomach and large intestine |
| Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ______. | to emulsify fats |
| The organ that receives secretions from the pancreas and liver, completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme, and absorbs the products of digestion is the _____ intestine. | small |
| The shortest, most fixed portion of the small intestine, where chyme enters from the stomach, is the | duodenum |
| The third region of the small intestine, with lymph nodules and an extensive microbiome, is the | Ileum |
| Which is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine? | small intestine |
| The second, and longest, part of the small intestine is the ______, which delivers chyme to the last part of the small intestine called the ____ | Jejunum ileum |
| Food passes from the ______ into the duodenum. | stomach |
| Where is the greater omentum found? | draping over the anterior surface of the intestines |
| The final portion of the small intestine is the ___ | Ileum |
| Name the macroscopic finger-like projections of the small intestine lining that increase the surface area, allowing increased absorption. | villi |
| A lymphatic capillary within the core of an intestinal villus, necessary for the absorption of lipids, is called a(n) | lacteal |
| The largest portion of the small intestine is the ______. Digested material moves from that large portion into the ______. | jejunum; ileum |
| What is the function of the brush border? | to increase surface area for absorption |
| A serous membrane that suspends the small intestine from the abdominal wall is known as the | mesentery |
| The mesentery that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach and loosely hangs over the small intestine like an apron is the _____ omentum. | greater |
| Each small intestine villus contains a specialized ______ called a lacteal, which functions to absorb dietary fats. | lymphatic capillary |
| What is the brush border? | the microvilli of the epithelium in the small intestine |
| The tubular glands within the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine are called intestinal ______ | glands |
| Which function do the circular folds, villi, and microvilli lining the small intestine have in common? | They increase the surface area for maximum nutrient absorption. |
| The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells. | goblet |
| What are the intestinal glands (crypts) of the small intestine? | tubular glands within the mucosa and submucosa |
| Peptidases are enzymes that split peptides into ______. | amino acids |
| Which structures increase the surface area in the lining of the small intestine? | circular folds microvilli villi |
| The movements of the small intestine include segmentation which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents. | mixes; propel |
| What do goblet cells secrete? | mucus |
| Which are functions of the large intestine? | formation and storage of feces absorption of water and electrolytes |
| What is a peptidase? | An enzyme that digests protein. |
| The organ that is most effective in absorbing digestive products, water, and electrolytes is the ______. | small intestines |
| The movement of the small intestine that mixes its contents is called _____, while the movement that propels its contents toward the large intestine is called _____. | Field 1: segmentation Field 2: peristalsis |
| The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells. | goblet |
| Digested material passes from the ileum into the ______. | Cecum |
| What is the main function of the large intestine? | absorb water and electrolytes |
| The closed ended, narrow tube containing lymphatic tissue that projects downward from the cecum is called the | appendix |
| The colon is composed of four parts. In order these are the ____ colon, _____ colon, ____ colon, and the s-shaped _____ colon. | Field 1: ascending Field 2: transverse Field 3: descending Field 4: sigmoid |
| At the beginning of the large intestine is a pouch-like structure, inferior to the ileocecal valve, known as the | Cecum |
| The appendix is attached to the ______. | cecum |
| The parts of the colon in order as food moves through, with the part first receiving digested food at the top. | Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Descending Colon Sigmoid Colon |
| The opening at the distal end of the anal canal is called the ______. | Anus |
| What are the strips of longitudinal muscle fibers in the colon called? | taenia coli |
| The large intestine's only significant secretion is | mucus |
| Stretching of the rectum is the stimulus for the _____ reflex. | defecation |
| What is normally found in feces? | unabsorbed nutrients mucus bacteria bile pigments |
| The pouches that form the walls of the large intestine, indicated by the arrow in the figure, are called _____ | haustra or haustrum |
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