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Hist/Relg Israel
History and Religion of Ancient Israel study material for Midterm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "biblical Israel" | Israel as it is understood by writers of the Bible; based on Abraham and family; cultural/religious identity strong |
| "ancient Israel" | modern historians attempt to describe Israel; unified people is a development over time |
| Merneptah stele | first physical evidence of Israel, victory artifact in Egypt; canaanites/shared culture practices/kosher/socioeconomic status |
| exogamy | marriages of daughters to other families, within a relatively small distance |
| endogamy | don't marry outside clans |
| households | families |
| clans | groups of families |
| tribes | military grouping of clans to respond to threats |
| Greater Ephraim | Central Israel, consist of Manassah, Ephraim, Benjamin |
| Manassah, Ephraim, Benjamin | "Greater Ephraim" |
| Gideon, Deborah, Ehud | Southern Israel |
| Samuel | major prophet, crowned Saul and David |
| Saul | King involved in conflict with Philistines |
| Arc (YHWH) | The Arc where the covenant is kept |
| Judah | the land ruled by the kingdom of David |
| Philistines | coastal land in the south, Abraham stayed there for a while as a guest |
| chiefdon | a group ruled by a chief |
| Hebron | under Hittite control during Abraham and conquered by Canaan in Joshua |
| Tel Dan Inscription | first authentic historical reference to David; historical evidence of a biblical story |
| Jerusalem | The capital of Israel |
| Temple | In Jerusalem, the place where God dwells among his people |
| Zion | the biblical land of Israel |
| Omride Dynasty | first dynasty of Northern Kingdom |
| Omri | king of Omride Dynasty; defeated by Assyrians |
| Samaria | kingdom to the north of Judah, kingdom of Israel during Omri dynasty |
| Qarqar | battle where Assyria gained control over the kingdom of Israel |
| Assyria | powerful nation that conquered Israel during the Omride Dynasty |
| Aram | vassal of Assyria, client of Assyria, pays tribute so Assyria wouldn't conquer it |
| Ahaz | King of Aram who created the deal |
| vassal | a group that pays tribute for protection, so as not to be conquered |
| Hezekiah | ruler of Ahad, disliked vassal status; fails |
| Sennacherib/Assyria | Sennacherib was the king of Assyria, tried to conquer Judah but failed |
| Siloam inscription | record of the construction of the tunnel in 8th century BC, meaning more proof Hezekiah and the line of David existed |
| Josiah | end of vassal status of Ahad; emphasizes the deity for national identity; killed in battles by Egypt |
| Deuteronomy | A book in the Torah detailing how to be an Israelite |
| Babylon | defeats Assyria and becomes the new powerful nation |
| Torah | first five books of the Bible |
| Persian/Achaemenid | Persians take over the territory |
| golah | exiles |
| Yehud | a kingdom mentioned in Joshua |
| diaspora | exile of the Israelites outside of Israel |
| Hellenism | The belief that with free time created by advanced agricultural methods, one should study Torah |
| Judaism | the religion develops as a result of Hellenism |
| popular religion | religion of the people |
| state religion | religion of the state |
| bet-av | house of the father |
| patrilineal | property and responsibility passes through senior males |
| patrilocal | centered where father's land is, women will marry out |
| patriarchal | senior male has the authority |
| polygyny | one male marrying multiple women |
| adultery | in biblical terms: having relations with a married woman. does not apply to unmarried women |
| levirate marriage | a widow will marry her husband's brother and produce children in the deceased brother's name |
| mishpahah | setting for religious observance |
| massot | holiday associated with Pesach |
| Pesach (passover) | agricultural origin for modern Jewish holiday; 14th day of Nissan to correspond to full moon of Nissan |
| teraphim | household shrines |
| fertility gods | multiple in ruins of Ancient Israel; indication of importance of survival applies to women and the land |
| Asherah | A fertility goddess important to Israelites before they began only worshipping one god |
| Ba'al | an important G-d, but not THE god; fertility God, defeats Yamm and Mot; represented by rain, thunder, divine warrior |
| Yamm | God of the Sea; defeated by Ba'al |
| Mot | god of death; defeated by Ba'al |
| El | the Lord |
| divine counsel | cabinet of gods that work underneath El |
| Zaphon | of Zaphon |
| Ashtoreth | El's consort |
| Asherah | fertility god |
| Loran (Leviathan) | sea monster/dragon; defeated by Ba'al |
| Anat | trouble maker |
| theophoric | embedding the name of the Lord, as El, YHWH, etc. |
| bosheth | Ruler of Israel until David defeated him |
| monolatry | worshipping one god while admitting that other gods exist |
| Elijah | demanded that Israel depend on a national deity who is seen to have a special relationship to people |
| Kuntillet 'Arjud | texts that give evidence that YHWH had a consort and that there are other deities |
| monotheism | believing in one god |
| bamah (bamot) | "high place"; local setting for feast/sacrifice |
| alter | worshipping centerpiece |
| Holiest of holies | innermost room of the Temple |
| cherubim | common motif in royal iconography |
| axis mundi | "naval of the universe"; where religion and the mundane intersect |
| textual criticism | which text/translation to read |
| masoretic texts | masoretes, provided cotex for hebrew bible, standardized the texts somewhat |
| septuagen | greek translation of hebrew bible, cotext |
| formal correspondance | word for word approach, maintain original integrity with vocab and grammar |
| dynamic equivalence | maintain understanding more so than specific vocab; tends to paraphrase |
| destruction | assumes any time we make text meaningful, text runs away from us |
| historical criticism | reading to understand the history behind it |
| source criticism | context of the writer, different sources compiled |
| priestly source | sections of Bible that were written by priests |
| aetiogoly | historical text to explain current events/trends/etc. |
| redaction criticism | the meaning of the text through editing/redaction |
| Enuma Elish | text; babylonian-reenacted at New Year's, telling the Babylonian creation |
| Akitu Festival | Babylonian festival of the New Year where the Babylonian version of creation is told |
| theogeny | birth/origin of the gods |
| Apsu | freshwater god of Babylon |
| Tiamat | saltwater god of Babylon, killed by Marduk and body became the cosmos |
| Marduk | patron god of Babylon, defeated Tiamat |
| cosmogonic battle | battle that establishes the cosmos |
| Leviathan | sea monster; symbol of chaos |
| Rahab | Leviathan |
| tehom | spirit of the die (God); present in Gensis while earth is created |
| polemic | debate or controversy |
| cosmology | study of the stars |
| Sabbath | seventh day of creation where God rested, commanded his people to rest every seventh day |
| primeval history | history of humanity as a whole; not just Israel |
| Adam and Eve | First man and woman |
| Cain and Abel | Cain was a farmer; Abel was a herdsmen, God rejected Abel's arbitrarily, Cain killed Abel and began the first sin: muder |
| Jubal | descendent of Cain |
| Tubal-Cain | descendent of Cain |
| The Deluge | sons of god come and mate with human women |
| Nephalim | giant offspring of god's sons and human women; they create war |
| covenant | an agreement |
| Tower of Babel | Babylonian tower that they would build to the heavens; god wanted diversity and created linguistic differentiation so it would not be completed |
| Torah | foundational text of Israelites and later jews |
| foundational text | the main text of a group that dictates its rules etc. |
| patriarchs | Abram/Abraham, Issac, Jacob/Israel |
| matriarchs | Sarai/Sarah, Rebekah, Leah/Rachel |
| Other | everyone who is not an Israelite |
| Esau | Jacob's eldest brother, Jacob stole the birthright from him by trickery, became super powerful anyway and he and Jacob lived happily ever after |
| Mari | records are there that demonstrate that Biblical stories are authentic |
| Nuzi | records are there that demonstrate that Biblical stories are authentic |
| eponymous | ancestor (first one) whom everything is named after |
| Negeb | land inhabited by the Israelites |
| Mamre | where Abraham learned Sarah would become pregnant by divine intervention |
| Machpelah | Sarah's final resting place where Abraham paid to bury her and own the land |
| Bethel | place in Great Ephraim where Jacob's name was changed to Israel |
| Shechem | Where God created the covenant with Abraham |
| Peniel | Where Jacob met God and lived to tell the tale; they actually wrestled |
| trickster | Issac, Jacob, etc. trickers tend to be celebrated |
| Hager | Sarah's slave, given to Abraham to have children, mother of Ishamel |
| Ishmael | son of Abraham, too close to Isaac and was sent away to preserve Issac's birthright; given his own nation by the Lord |
| Lot | Abraham's nephew, leaves for better land, eventually lives in Gomorra and the Lord spares him. Daughters sleep with him to continue the line |
| Sodom | Destroyed with Gemorah after sinful people lived there |
| Moab | son of Lot by his daughter, created the Moabites |
| Ammon | son of Lot by his daughter, created the Ammonites |
| Laban | close kin of Abraham; very tricky father of Leah and Rebecka |
| Arameans | tribe of Laban |
| Aramaic | language closely linked to Hebrew in ancient Israel |
| Ephraim | leader of the Tribe of Ephram, Jacob's son, received one of the better blessings |
| Manassah | with Tribe of Ephram, created House of Joseph |
| internecine rivalry | fighting against each other (between brothers); not helping national identity acknowledging difficulty of situation |
| Bilhah | Leah's slave, gave children to Jacob |
| Zilpah | Rachel's slave, gave children to Jacob |
| Song of Jacob | Jacob's last words; last will and testament; settling his scores; gave good blessings and bad blessings based on his favorites |
| testament | statement that the author has deemed to be true |
| Tamar | doesn't participate in levirate marriage, tricked her way into the family, seduced father-in-law and became pregnant by him; super clever and celebrated |
| levirate marriage | marrying the dead husband's brother and having children in the dead husband's name |
| deus absconditis | belief in a god that has largely removed themselves for the day to day of the world |
| difference | Israelites are the chosen people and they are different from every other tribe |
| Shiphrah | an Israelite midwife; told to kill male infants but tricked Pharaoh because he did not know about childbirth |
| Puah | worked with Shiphrah |
| Moses | one who led the exodus |
| Aaron | Moses' brother |
| Gershom | Moses' son |
| theophany | burning bush; |
| bridegroom of the blood | tale of Moses on his way back to Egypt. YHWH almost kills him over circumcision |
| circumcision | cutting of little boys. marks men as Israelites |
| plagues | plagues sent by God to prove his power over the Pharaoh, helped let Israelites leave Egypt |
| Pesach/Passover | holiday celebrating the plagues and the exodus of Israel |
| Sea of Reeds | story of ultimate difference |
| Divine Warrior | YHWH's new identity/role in Ancient Israel |
| Sinai, Horeb | The place where Moses met with the Lord and the ten commandments were created |
| covenant | berit |
| berit | covenant |
| suzerain | vassal state with some autonomy |
| theophany | burning bush; appearance of a deity to a human |
| segullah | divinely instituted covenant |
| election | voting to choose a leader |
| holiness | being clean and abiding by a deity |
| mysterium tremendum et fascinans | mystery that frightens and fascinates simultaneously; used with deities |
| Decalogue | form of literature such as apodictic law |
| apodictic law | as 'honor they father'; law w/ no rationality; simply stated; no obvious penalty |
| monolatry | mandates only one god but does not deny there are other gods |
| monotheism | belief in only one deity |
| aniconic requirement | shunning all other deities, gods, etc. |
| casuistic law | case law; has specific punishment indicated and based on specific circumstances |
| Covenant Code | codes given to Moses at Sinai, detail mitzvot |
| golden calf | purpose of the story to detail punishment of breaking apodictic law; breaks commandment number one |
| tabernacle | portable dwelling place for the Lord during the Exodus |
| cult | religious status and symbols |
| holiness | understood separation. if something is holy, separate it so it does not become unclean. highly ordered to create boundaries. |
| kosher | dietary laws. cow, goat, lamb, fish are okay, no pig, camel, shellfish, various birds, swarming things, mixing milk and dairy |
| kashrut | state of kosherness, the laws that define what kosher is |
| unclean | when one has sinned and has not made reparations and made themselves cleaned again. many things make you unclean and it is infectious |
| holy of holies | the part of the temple where God is closest and only rabbis can stand, everyone else is prohibited |
| Nadab and Abihu | story where the moral is if you violate the rules, you die. also how important the priests are and the danger of violating the priests |
| priesthood | leader of the temple requiring special ordination, family connection, and difficult standards to accomplish |
| ordination | the process of becoming a priest in the temple |
| Levites | not priests, but very close to priests because they work in the temple. need a family connection to work as a Levite |
| tamid | details of the service in the Temple |
| whole burnt offerings | where the entire offering is burnt and there is no remains |
| sin offerings | offerings to restitute for past sins |
| Yom Kippur | the holiest of holy days, where the entire community cleanses itself of its sins and prepares to be with the Lord |
| Azazel | during Yom Kippur; where a sacrifice is sent, that sacrifice is concentrated with the impurities of the rabbis |
| Josiah | king who is responsible for Deuteronomy and turned it into a means of recreating cultural identity among his people |
| Deuteronomists | Those who wrote Deuteronomy |
| Covenant | an agreement, in the bible the covenant is originally between Abraham and God but beyond that becomes an agreement between the Israelites and God |
| vassal treaty | one land agrees to be a vassal to another by paying tribute to the larger one in exchange for protection preamble, prologue, stipulations, deposit arrangements, witnesses, curses and blessings |
| hesed | royal love; the love God has for his chosen people the Israelites |
| Shema | A prayer in Deuteronomy that is short, simple, and a means of repeating allegiance to God. It's an imperative to follow this one God and no others |
| theology of the name | The name of God dwells in the holiest places, it sticks around as a presence even if one cannot feel the Lord there |
| herem | the practice of utterly destroying anything you come in contact with, as the Israelites once did in their travels |
| holy war | fighting in the name of holinesses and your deity |
| theodicy | defending the Lord in the face of suffering |
| blessings and curses | theodicy, Deuteronomy uses these to say the Lord is not responsible for suffering and it is the natural cycle of life to suffer |
| humanitarian | in Deuteronomy, there are laws that are more humanitarian and dictate that we must take care of those who cannot care for themselves |
| utopian | perfect, idealistic world |
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jsroff
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