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MAS 124
Ch. 12 Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hows does oxygen get to the human body? | It comes through plants on land and in the sea, from the water, sun, and CO2 |
| What causes a human to take a breath? | When CO2 levels rise in the lungs. |
| What is the structure and function of Cilia? | Structure: Fine hair-like Function: Traps particles from the air, so they don't enter the lungs. |
| What is the function of Mucus? | They line the nose to trap dust and bacteria, extra mucus is produced to dilute the irritant --> sneezing |
| Name the functions of the Pharynx: | Filters air from the nose, passageway for air and food, connects the mouth to the larynx. |
| Name the 2 main functions of the Epiglottis: | Closes when food is swallowed, air travels from pharynx, over open epiglottis & the larynx. |
| Describe the components of the Larynx: | Comprised of a tube w/ 9 separate cartilages to maintain openness, lined w/ mucus mem. that form 2 folds (vocal cords) |
| What happens to the vocal cords when you BREATH? | They move away from the larynx to make room for air. |
| What happens to the vocal cords when you SPEAK? | Tension & length of cords determines voice pitch. |
| If an infection occurs in the larynx what are 2 procedures that can be performed? | Intubation --> tube through mouth, and Tracheotomy--> Hole is made in trachea |
| What is the function of the trachea? | Air is moved from larynx into the trachea |
| What is the structure and function of the Bronchi? | Structure: Trachea branches into 2 sections to form bronchi and connects to lungs. Function: Maintains air way |
| What is the structure of Bronchioles? | Microscopic, contains cartilage-ringed structures, they have walls of muscle cells. |
| What is the structure of the Alveoli? | Grape-like structured air sacs |
| Identify the difference between External and Internal Respiration: | External: Gets O2 from nose --> alveolus & into cap. & return of CO2 to nose. Internal: Exchange of O2 & Co2 at cellular level |
| Define Surfactant: | It's a fatty molecule on respiratory membrane. Prevents collasped lungs |
| How do the lungs develop in babies? | Prior to birth it is solid & sinks in H2O, At birth it fills with air & floats. |
| What occurs in premature babies with their lungs? | Surfactant is not sufficient--> Resp. distress syn. or the baby will gain > as alveoli form & mature. |
| What can happen to a person's lungs who smoke? | It stops maturing, & + alveoli will not develop. |
| Visceral Pleura | Each lung is enclosed in the membrane |
| Parietal Pleura | Entire thoracic cavity is surrounded by it |
| Pleural Space/Cavity | Is the space between pleura, and it contains fluid to prevent friction during respiration. |
| What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts? | It makes a vacuum to allow air in the thoracic cavity, creating - pressure in the lungs. |
| What triggers the brain to tell the body to breathe? | An increase of CO2 or the lack of O2 |
| Identify the 10 different diagnostic exams: | ABG, Bronchoscopy, Chest CT, CT of pulm. arteries, CT-Guided Needle Biopsy, PET(Positron Emission Tomography) Scan, PFT, Pulse Ox, Sputum Analysis, Thoracentesis. |
| Define the function of an ABG Exam: | Measures partial pressures of both O2 & CO2 and determines pH(acidic= alot of H, Alkaline= low H) |
| What is a Bronchoscopy exam used for? | To view the airway or remove a foreign body |
| Differentiate the 3 different types of CT scans | Chest: Computer image detailing lungs & structures in the chest, determines lung cancer. Pulm. Arteries: Scan accompanied by injection of IV contrast, looks for blood clot. Needle Biopsy: Needle inserted into chest to biopsy lung masses |
| What is a Positron Emission Tomography Scan used for? | 1. Determines lung cancer metastasis 2. Evaluates solitary pulm. nodule (> 1cm) 3. Early detection of recurrent cancer |
| Define the use for a PFT test: | It used to measure lung vol. in a N breath when forcing air in & out of the lungs. |
| How is a spirometer measured & evaluated in a PFT test? | It measures ventilation fxn, it evaluates the amt. of air available in the lungs |
| What does the Pulse ox Measure? | Amt. of O2 in the blood & displays it digitally |
| What does a Sputum Analysis use to diagnose infectious organisms or cancer cells? | Material coughed up from bronchial tree or trachea |
| How is a Thoracentesis performed? | Withdraw fluid from pleural space by needle aspiration following local anesthetic |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: | E: caused by dust, mold, cigarette smoke, and animal mites S&S: Sneezing, watery nasal discharge, itchy eyes & nose TX: Admin antihistamines, topical nasal steroids, & decongestants, avoid allergens |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment of Asthma: | E: (CHRONIC) causes swelling, inflammation& constriction of the bronchi & bronchioles S&S: Wheezing, coughing, SOB, mucus coughed up & expectorated Tx: Skin tests, long-acting bronchodilators, Inhaled steroids, leukotriene mods, O2 |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment of COPD: | E:combo of resp. diseases; asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, caused by ↑ smoking in males S&S:↓ ability to exercise, productive cough, dyspnea, freq. resp. infections, wheezing, abN pulm. fxn Tx: Stop smoking, avoid resp. irritants. Bronchodi., proper diet |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment of Bronchitis: | E: Lack of air in lungs --> collapse of alveolus S&S: Yellowish-gray/green mucus producing cough, sore throat, constriction of chest, malaise. Tx: Expectorants help remove excessive mucus, avoid smoking, antibiotics, Azithromycin, Bronchodi; Advair |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Pneumonia: | E: Acute infection of tissues of the lung, impairs exchange of O2 & CO2 S&S: Cough, sputum production, Chest pain, chills Tx: Bed rest, antibiotics, fluid intake, O2/ mechanical breathing therapy, meds for pain |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Pneumothorax: | E: Air/gas that accumulated between the two pleural layers --> collapsed lung tissue S&S: Sharp pain made worse by breathing Tx: Spontaneous =bed rest, VS. Monitor > 30% Collapsed= Surgery, chest tube placement |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Pulmonary Fibrosis: | E: Scarring of the lung tissue--> makes lungs stiff & small (fatal) S&S: SOB, talking--dyspnea, dry coughing, tachypnea, cyanosis, crackling sound Tx: Steroids, immunosuppresisve agents slow progresion, O2, Lung transplant |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Pulmonary Edema: | E: Accumulate w/in lung tissue of fluid that escaped from the bv --> ↑ pressure in the vessels S&S: Dyspnea, orthopnea (sittin up), rapid pulse Tx: Procedures to ↓ accumulated fluids & improve the exchange O2 & CO2, diuretics, nitroglyc, ↑ concen. of O2 |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): | E: Kills healthy infants between birth & 8 months are @ ↑ risk S&S: N breathing becomes rapid & shallow, nostrils flare & sternum retracts, infants grunt Tx: Urgent aggressive tx needed, O2 therapy, insert endotracheal tube, ventilator |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Sinitus: | E: Inflammation of the paranasal sinus cavities S&S: Congestion, ↓ fever, headaches, pain in cheeks & teeth Tx: Analgesic 4 pain, meds to ↓ secretions, steam inhale--> encourage drainage, apply heat 4 pain & congestion, antibiotics, surgical drainage. |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ((SIDS): | E: Kills healthy infants ≈ 2k/yr in winter w/ poor families under 20, & underwt babies Tx: Proper sleeping position |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Tuberculosis (TB) | E: (ACUTE/CHRONIC) ↑ contagious infection --> nodular lesions & patchy infiltration of the lung tissue S&S: Fatigue, pm sweats, wt loss, ↓ fever Tx: Isolation, bed rest, adequate H2O, meds for TB; Rifampin 6-12m, care 4 nasal & expectorated discharge |
| Identify the Etiology, S&S, and Treatment Upper Resp. Infection (URI): | E: common cold S&S: associated with the common cold Tx: Aspirin, fluids, rest, decongestants, thraot lozengens |
Created by:
MACC2025
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