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Anatomy & Physiology
Lymphatic Tissues and Organs Part 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Lymphatic Tissues contain: | Lymphocytes, Macrophages, and other cells |
| The unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts are called: | Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) |
| Included in the MALT are compact masses of lymphatic tissue called: | Lymphatic Nodules |
| The lymphatic nodules include: | Tonsils and Appendix |
| MALT aggregates of lymphatic nodules, called _________ ______ | Peyer's Patches |
| Lymphatic vessels leading to lymph node: _____ enter separately at various points on its convex surface. | Afferent Vessels |
| Lymphatic vessels leaving the lymph node _____ _____ exit from the hilum | Efferent vessles |
| Masses of B lymphocytes (B Cells) and macrophages in the cortex are contained within these nodules are also called: | Lymphatic follicles |
| Within the lymph nodules are _____ _____ where B Lymphocytes proliferate | Germinal Centers |
| Lymph enters a lymph node through: | Afferent lymphatic vessels |
| Name the two primary functions of lymph nodes, | -filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph before it enters the bloodstream -monitoring body fluids with macrophages and lymphocytess |
| _________ in the lymph nodes attack virus, bacteria, and parasitic cells | Lymphocytes |
| List three cell types found in lymphatic tissue.thoracic duct | T cells macrophages B cells |
| Clusters of lymph nodules found within the mucosa of the distal small intestine are ________ patches | Peyer's |
| ______ are encapsulated organs that filter lymph to remove potentially harmful particles. | Lymph nodes |
| The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph INTO a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They enter the lymph node _______. | afferent; on convex surface |
| What is MALT? | unencapsulated diffuse lymphatic tissue found in various mucosae |
| What are germinal centers? | areas of B cell proliferation within cortex of lymph nodes |
| Cell types found in lymphatic tissue are ______. | lymphocytes and macrophages |
| What are Peyer's patches? | specialized lymphatic nodules within the intestinal mucosa |
| Small encapsulated lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels that function to filter the lymph are called lymph _______. | nodes |
| The lymphatic vessels that carry lymph AWAY FROM a lymph node are called ______ vessels. They leave the lymph node _______. | efferent; at the hilum |
| Lymph enters a lymph node through ______, moves through ______ within the node, and exits through ______. | afferent lymphatic vessels; lymph sinuses; efferent lymphatic vessels |
| Areas of B cell proliferation within the cortex of lymph nodes are called ______. | germinal centers |
| Filtering potentially harmful particles from lymph and providing immune surveillance of body fluids are the functions of organs called _____ _____. | lymph nodes |
| Indicate the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered. | macrophages lymphocytes |
| What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system and in immune responses? | site of T lymphocyte maturation |
| ______ are encapsulated organs that filter lymph to remove potentially harmful particles. | Lymph nodes |
| Lymph enters a lymph node through ______ lymphatic vessels, moves slowly through the lymph ________, and leaves through _______ lymphatic vessels. | Field 1: afferent Field 2: sinuses or sinus Field 3: efferent |
| Which gland secretes the hormone called thymosin? | thymus gland |
| Epithelial cells in the thymus secrete protein hormones called thymosin, which stimulate maturation of __ ____ | T Lymphocytes |
| Lymphocytes of the ____, _____, and ____ _____ help defend the body against infections. | Spleen Thymus Lymph Nodes |
| As a lymphatic organ, the ______ filters blood, much like the lymph nodes filter lymph fluid. | spleen |
| Which organ is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes? | Thymus |
| True or False: Lymph nodes are encapsulated lymphatic organs. | True |
| Which of the following acts as a mechanical barrier to pathogen entry into the body? | Skin |
| The thymus gland secretes the hormone called _______, which is important for the maturation of _____ cells. | Field 1: thymosin Field 2: T or T lymphocytes |
| List three functions associated with the spleen. | -destruction of old and fragile red blood cells -phagocytosis of cellular debris and bacteria in the blood -filtration of blood |
| Which of the following are part of the first line of defense against pathogens? | Bacteria are removed from the skin by the sloughing off of epidermal cells. Microorganisms are washed away by tears, saliva, and urine. Particles trapped by the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract are swept out of the airways. |
| The general term for a disease-causing organism or chemical is | pathogen |
| Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs/symptoms that accompany the process of ______. | Inflammation |
| Two mechanical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens into the body are ______ and ______. | Skin Mucosa |
| Which cell type is attracted to areas of inflammation, due to release of chemicals by infected cells or tissues? | White blood cell |
| Which gland secretes the hormone called thymosin? | Thymus gland |
| Enzymes present in gastric juice and tears are considered a type of ______. | chemical barrier |
| Which of the following is an example of first line of defense of innate immunity? lysozyme T and B lymphocytes mucous membranes interferon | mucous membranes |
| List four cardinal signs/symptoms of inflammation. | swelling heat redness pain |
| What is the role of leukocytes during inflammation? | to act as phagocytes |
| What is the defense function of stomach acid and the gastric enzyme called pepsin? | kill pathogens that are swallowed |
| Which are examples of chemical barriers to pathogens? fever and inflammation enzymes in stomach acid and tears skin and mucous membranes natural killer cells | Enzymes in stomach acid and tears |
| Hair traps infectious agents associated with the skin, providing a ______ line of defense against pathogens. | First |
| Which are characteristics of interferons? plasma proteins that help with blood clotting act as pyrogens produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts block viral replication | -produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts -block viral replication |
| Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the ____ and the _____ membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. | Field 1: skin Field 2: mucous or mucus |
| List three effects of the complement system. -prevents viral replication -produces antibodies -enhances phagocytosis -enzymatically destroys pathogens -stimulates inflammation -attracts phagocytes | -enhances phagocytosis -stimulates inflammation -attracts phagocytes |
| As a part of the innate defenses, many pathogens that are ingested are destroyed by ______ within the stomach | Acids |
| Which type of lymphocyte functions to nonspecifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, virally infected cells, and cancerous host cells? | NK Cell |
| Enzymes present in gastric juice and tears are considered a type of ______. | chemical barrier |
| The process by which a cell removes and destroys foreign particles from fluid (blood, lymph, or interstitial fluid) is called _______. | Phagocytosis |
| The process by which white blood cells move toward a chemical signal, as when they are attracted to injured tissues, is called | chemotaxis |
| Which antimicrobial protein helps to interfere with viral replication in host cells? | interferon |
| The group of plasma proteins called ______ is involved in a cascade of reactions that defend against pathogens. The result is inflammation, the attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis. | complement |
| Natural killer (NK) cells belong to which group of cells? | lymphocytes |
| Describe phagocytosis. | a process where foreign particles are engulfed by a cell |
| Which are characteristics of interferons? | -produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts -block viral replication |
| Which cell type found in the tissues begins as a monocyte in the blood? -memory B cell -helper T cell -cytotoxic T cell -macrophage | macrophage |
| Lymphocytes remove foreign particles from the lymph and blood through a mechanism called ______. | phagocytosis |
| The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever. | hypothalamus |
| Fever indirectly counters microbial growth because higher body temperature ______. | causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron needed for microbial growth |
| The ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body from those that are foreign is integral to the ______ line of defense against pathogens. | third |
| ______ that leave the blood differentiate to become ______. | Monocytes; macrophages |
| The two cell types responsible for adaptive immune responses are _________ and macrophages. | lymphocytes |
| Two aspects of the adaptive immune response involve the actions of T cells, called the ____ immune response, and the release of products from B cells, called the ______ immune response. | Field 1: cellular, cell-mediated, or cell mediated Field 2: humoral or antibody-mediated |
| Which region of the brain is involved with thermoregulation (regulation of body temperature)? | hypothalamus |
| Fever is part of the immune ______ defenses of the body. | Field 1: innate or nonspecific |
| If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, ______, will try to eliminate it. | an adaptive, or specific, defense |
| The adaptive immune response depends on the actions of ______. | lymphocytes and macrophages |
| An antigen is a molecule that can ______. | provoke an immune response |
| The adaptive immune response includes which two of the following? | -humoral immune response -cellular immune response |
| The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever. | hypothalamus |
| The role of fever in innate defense is to make the body ______ hospitable to certain pathogens. | less |
| Name the type of leukocyte that is produced in the red bone marrow and that matures in the thymus. | T cell |
| The third line of defense against pathogens is ______. | resistance to specific pathogens or to the toxins or metabolic products they release |
| Indicate two characteristics of antigens. -They are molecules that can trigger an immune response. -They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids. -They are cells that phagocytize foreign particles. -They are molecules that bind to cell-surfac | They are molecules that can trigger an immune response. They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids. |
| Some of the precursors to lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow and travel to the lymphatic organ called the ______ gland, where they specialize into T lymphocytes. | Thymus |
| The type of lymphocyte that is produced in the red bone marrow and matures in the thymus is a _____cell. | T |
| If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, ______, will try to eliminate it. | an adaptive, or specific, defense |
| Leukocytes called ________ lymphocytes are produced in red bone marrow where they also complete their maturation. | B Cells |
| List two locations where both B cells and T cells can be found. | lymph nodes spleen |
| Where do B cell precursors fully differentiate into B lymphocytes? | Red bone marrow |
| Lymphocytes that differentiate and mature in the thymus and later constitute 70% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes in blood are called ______ cells | T Cells |
| lymphocytes that differentiate in red bone marrow and later constitute 20% to 30% of circulating lymphocytes are called _______ cells. | B Cells |
| T lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish their maturation in the ______. | Thymus |
| Name the cell type that phagocytizes an antigen and displays the antigen fragments on its surface? | antigen-presenting cell (APC) |
| Which type of cell remains in the red bone marrow until fully differentiated? | B cell |
| In addition to circulating in the blood, T cells and B cells reside in the ______ tissues and organs | lymphatic |
| T cells are responsible for ______ immunity, whereas B cells are responsible for ______ immunity | cellular; humoral |
| T cell activation requires that targeted antigens have been processed (phagocytized and digested) and then attached to the surface of a cell type called ______ cells. | antigen-presenting |
| What is the function of antigen-presenting cells? | phagocytize/digest antigens and display the fragments on their cell surface |
| Identify three examples of antigen-presenting cells. | macrophages B cells dendritic cells |
| List two locations where both B cells and T cells can be found. | spleen lymph nodes |
| Which group of proteins is associated with processed antigen on the surface of antigen-presenting cells? | MHC proteins |
| Interaction with an antigen-presenting cell is required for T cell ______. | activation |
| Which cell types internalize, process, and display antigens on MHC proteins on their plasma membrane? | B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages |
| What is the function of MHC proteins? -to produce antibodies -to stimulate the formation of memory B and T cells -to help T cells distinguish self-antigens from foreign antigens -to attack foreign antigens | to help T cells distinguish self-antigens from foreign antigens |
| Proteins on the cell membrane of a macrophage that help T cells recognize a processed antigen displayed there as foreign are called major ______ complex proteins. | histocompatibility |
| On the surface of antigen-presenting cells, antigen fragments are presented along with a type of protein called a(n) ______. | MHC protein |
| T cells are activated when they interact with antigens that are attached to the surface of antigen-______ cells. | Presenting |
| Identify three examples of antigen-presenting cells. | B cells macrophages dendritic cells |
| Cell-mediated (cellular) immunity is a type of specific defense mediated mainly by _____ lymphocytes, which interact directly with antigen-presenting cells. | T |
| A group of proteins, in the plasma membrane of many cells, that identify the cells as being either "self" or "foreign" are called ______ proteins. | MHC |
| The antigens on the surface of macrophages that help T cells recognize a displayed antigen as foreign are called presenting _____ antigens. | MHC |
| The form of adaptive immunity in which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes and targeted cells is called ______ immunity | cell-mediated or cellular |
| Once activated, T cells that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the foreign antigen are called _____ T cells. | Helper |
| One branch of the immune system uses antibodies to fight pathogens, while the other branch, called ______ immunity, uses cells for immune attack. | cellular |
| What is the function of MHC proteins? | to help T cells distinguish self-antigens from foreign antigens |
| Proteins on the cell membrane of a macrophage that help T cells recognize a processed antigen displayed there as foreign are called major ______ complex proteins. | histocompatibility |
| Cell-to-cell contact, such as the interaction between activated T cells and antigen-presenting cells, is a type of adaptive immunity called the __ immune response. | cellular |
| What is a role of helper T cells? | stimulate B cells to make antibodies |
| Cytotoxic T lymphocytes target ______ and ______, and destroy them. | tumor cells virally infected cells |
| Which type of cell releases cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells? | helper T cell |
| The antigens on the surface of macrophages that help T cells recognize a displayed antigen as foreign are called _______ antigens. | MHC or HLA |
| The form of adaptive immunity in which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes and targeted cells is called _______ immunity. | Cell mediated or cellular |
| Which of the following would be targeted by cytotoxic T cells? | cancerous or virally infected cells |
| A type of T lymphocyte that binds to foreign antigens on the surface of an antigen-bearing cell and releases perforins to destroy it is a(n) ________T cell. | cytokines |
| Upon subsequent exposure to an antigen, T cells that immediately divide to yield a large number of additional T cells, resulting in a secondary immune response, are called ______ T Cells | Memory |
| The type of T cell called ______ T cells are formed on the first exposure to a foreign antigen, but they do not have a function in the immune response until subsequent exposures to the same antigen. | Memory |
| Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells and virally infected cells by releasing proteins called ______. | perforins |
| Which type of cell releases cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells? | helper T cell |
| A B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane-bound antigen receptors. What is the immediate result of the binding of the antigen to the receptor? | activation of the B lymphocyte |
| Explain the relationship between B cells and T cells. | Helper T cells are often required to fully activate B cells. |
| The T cells that do not respond to a foreign antigen on first exposure, but respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure are called ______ cells. | Memory T |
| When do memory T cells have a role in the immune response to an antigen? -upon the initial exposure to an antigen -upon subsequent exposures to an antigen | upon subsequent exposures to an antigen |
| After being activated, a B cell forms a clone. What does this mean? | The B cell proliferates, making many copies of itself. |
| A B cell becomes activated when an antigen binds to the antigen _______ on its surface | receptor |
| In order to be fully activated, most ______ cells require interaction with ______ cells. | B; Helper T |
| A differentiated B cell that functions to produce and secrete antibodies is a _______ cell | Plasma |
| Upon subsequent exposure to an antigen, T cells that immediately divide to yield a large number of additional T cells, resulting in a secondary immune response, are called _____ T Cells | Memory |
| A helper T cell releases cytokines that stimulate a B cell to proliferate, forming a ______ of genetically-identical cells. | Clone |
| Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called | Antibodies, antibody, |
| Which event leads to activation of a B cell? | binding of the B cell's receptor to its targeted antigen |
| Which of the following cell types produces and secretes antibodies? | plasma cells |
| The T cells that do not respond to a foreign antigen on first exposure, but respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure are called ______ cells. | Memory T |
| Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete? | humoral immune response |
| After being activated, a B cell forms a clone. What does this mean? | The B cell proliferates, making many copies of itself. |
| Plasma cells and ______ B cells are differentiated products of activated B cell clones. | memory |
| Plasma cells produce and secrete ______, which recognize nonself molecules. | antibodies |
| A B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane-bound antigen receptors. What is the immediate result of the binding of the antigen to the receptor? | activation of the B lymphocyte |
| The type of adaptive immunity called ________ immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by B cells. | humoral |
| Following proliferation to form a clone, some B cells differentiate into _________ B cells, which can rapidly respond to a future exposure to the same antigen. | memory |
| Which class of immunoglobulin activates complement proteins and is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxin molecules? IgA IgG IgM IgE | IgG |
| Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete? | humoral immune response |
| Indicate two accurate descriptions of antibodies. | proteins that bind to antigens produced by plasma cells |
| Which event leads to activation of a B cell? | binding of the B cell's receptor to its targeted antigen |
| Indicate three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulins called IgG. | -effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins -activates complement proteins -can cross the placenta |
| Which class of immunoglobulin is found in secretions of exocrine glands? | IgA |
| Plasma cells produce and secrete ______, which recognize nonself molecules. | Antibodies |
| Which two classes of immunoglobulin are responsible for activating complement? | IgG IgM |
| Immunoglobulin D (IgD) molecules serve as antigen receptors on the surface of ______. In addition, IgD is critical for the activation of these cells. | B cells |
| Which class of immunoglobulin activates complement proteins and is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxin molecules? | IgG |
| Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete? | humoral immune response |
| The class of immunoglobulin that is involved in allergic reactions is the class designated Ig | E |
| The immunoglobulin type designated Ig __ is present in breast milk. | A |
| The antibodies produced against the A and B antigens of the ABO blood group (anti-A and anti-B) are from which class of immunoglobulins? | IgM |
| Immunoglobulin _______ molecules are on the surface of most B cells acting as antigen receptors, especially in infants. | D |
| True or False: Antibodies inhibit or stop inflammation, thereby preventing the spread of pathogens. | False |
| The class of immunoglobulin called IgE is involved with which of the following? | Allergic Reaction |
| The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______. | agglutination |
| How do antibodies neutralize antigens? | They bind to the toxic parts of antigens so the antigens cannot do damage. |
| Indicate three mechanisms by which antibodies react to antigens. | Antibodies directly attack the antigen. Antibodies stimulate inflammation. Antibodies activate complement. |
| What is opsonization? | the coating produced by complement proteins that surrounds an antigen-antibody complex |
| The process that occurs when antibodies bind to, and thus cover, the toxic portions of an antigen is called | neutralization |
| What occurs when a cell undergoes lysis? | It bursts, or ruptures. |
| What is the term for the activation of B cells and T cells that occurs upon first exposure to a specific antigen? | Primary immune response |
| During a primary immune response, in which order do the plasma cells release the first two types of antibodies? IgA followed by IgG IgG followed by IgM IgM followed by IgB IgM followed by IgG | IgM followed by IgG |
| During a primary immune response, which type of cell results from the activation of B cells? | memory cells |
| Activation of complement induces pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. Identify four of these. | cytolysis opsonization agglutination neutralization |
| The immune response that occurs when B cells and T cells become activated after first encountering the antigens for which they are specialized to react is called the __________ immune response. | |
| During the second and subsequent exposures to their antigens, memory B cells produce large amounts of the immunoglobulin Ig ___ | G |
| The release of IgM followed by IgG is associated with the ______ immune response. | primary |
| Memory cells form as a result of a ______ immune response. | Primary |
| Which immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, or lysis of the pathogen? | activation of complement |
| Which two types of cells are stimulated to produce the secondary immune response? | memory T cells memory B cells |
| The first exposure to a particular antigen leads to a ______ immune response. | primary |
| During a ______ immune response, antibodies are produced more rapidly than during a ______ immune response | secondary; primary |
| During the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen, memory cells respond by forming clones and rapidly producing ______. | immunoglobulin (Ig) G |
| During a primary immune response, which type of cell results from the activation of B cells | memory cells |
| Memory B and memory T cells respond to antigens during a ______ immune response. | Secondary |
| Which type of immune response is slower to produce antibodies upon exposure to antigens? | Primary Immune response |
| Exposure to a live pathogen that stimulates a primary immune response leads to which type of immunity | naturally acquired active immunity |
| A preparation that includes an antigen that can stimulate a primary immune response against a specific pathogen, but does not produce symptoms of the associated infectious disease, is called a(n) ______. | Vaccine |
| If a child contracts measles at a young age and, despite subsequent exposure, never suffers from the disease again, this is because the child has developed ______. | naturally acquired active immunity |
| As a result of receiving a vaccine and triggering a primary immune response to the contained pathogen, the body develops _______ acquired _____ immunity. | Field 1: artificially or artificial Field 2: active |
| The protection of a population from a pathogen that results from widespread vaccination is called ______ immunity | herd |
| When an individual receives an antitoxin or antiserum to combat infection, they develop _______ acquired ________immunity. | Field 1: artificially or artificial Field 2: passive |
| Name two phrases describe passive immunity? | occurs when a person's immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual short-term immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date |
| The injection of a killed, or attenuated, pathogen in order to induce immunity is termed ______ | Vaccine |
| The immunity acquired by a baby due to the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby via the placenta and/or breast milk is which type of immunity? | naturally acquired passive immunity |
| Exposure to a vaccine that stimulates a primary immune response leads to which type of immunity? | artificially acquired active immunity |
| In order to stop the spread of a disease, a substantial proportion of a population must be vaccinated, establishing _____ ____, Correct Unavailable where most members are protected. | herd immunity |
| Antibodies that attack "self" cells and tissues are called | autoantibodies |
| By which means does artificially acquired passive immunity occur? | receiving an injection containing antibodies produced by another individual |
| Which term describes immunity that results from a primary immune response with production of memory cells? It is a long-lasting immunity. | active immunity |
| An attack by the immune system against "self" tissues and organs is called | Field 1: autoimmunity, autoimmune, or autoimmune response |
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