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AP World Unit 1
Time Period: 1200-1450
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Song Dynasty | replace Tang, rule for more than three centuries, reign was prosperous |
| imperial bureaucracy | appointed officials carried out the empire's policy, been a feature of China since the Qin dynasty (continuity in China) |
| meritocracy | officials obtain their position by demonstrating their merit on exams |
| civil service exam | exam based on Confucian texts, determined positions in government, was open to all classes |
| Grand Canal | inexpensive and efficient waterway system, expanded 30,000 miles, allowed the Song to become most populous trading area in the world |
| champa rice | drought-resistant, could be harvested twice a year, came from Champa Kingdom (Vietnam), increased agricultural productivity and increased populations |
| proto-industrialization | a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell, relied more on community-based production using simple equipment |
| artisans | skilled craftworkers |
| scholar gentry | new social class of bureaucratic officials, under emperor in song |
| foot binding | women bound their feet with ribbons restricting the size of their foot and disabling them from walking, sign of status, common among aristocratic families |
| woodblock printing | created by Chinese along with paper making, led to Gutenberg printing press |
| Theravada buddhism | focused on spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline, monks, area: Southeast Asia |
| Mahayana buddhism | focused on spiritual growth for all beings, area: china and Korea |
| Tibetan Buddhism | focused on chanting and mystical practices area: tibet |
| chan/Zen Buddhism | focused on meditation over studying over scriptures, monks, area: China |
| Neo-confucianism | syncretic system, combining rational thought with daoism and buddhism and confucianism area: China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan |
| heian period (784-1185) | Japan emulated Chinese politics, art, and literature |
| daimyo | Japanese landowners |
| bushido | Japanese soldiers code prioritizing loyalty and honor until death |
| serfs | peasants in feudalism system |
| feudalism | serfs lived on land serving lords, usually serfs never left the property and were provided with living spaces, systems of exchanges of land for loyalty |
| nuclear families | immediate families, common in Vietnam (difference from China since they were extended families) |
| polygony | the practice of having more than one wife at one time |
| Muhammad | founder of Islam |
| House of Wisdom | Baghdad, renowned center of learning, scholars from all over came to learn, under Abbasid Caliphate, Islam |
| mamluks | ethnic turks from central Asia, served as soldiers and later bereaucrats |
| mamluk sultanate (1250-1517) | Egypt, mamluks siezed government, prospered through trade in cotton and sugar between Islamic world and Europe, declined when portages and other European powers developed new sea trade routes |
| Seljuks turks | muslims, central asian, conquered parts of Middle East and went as far as western china |
| sultan | selijuk leader |
| crusaders | European christian soldiers sent to reopen access to holy sites around Jerusalem after Seljuk turks closed acres, (abbasids allowed christians to travel before Seljuks) |
| mongols | Central Asia, conquered remaining abbasid caliphate and ended the Seljuk rule, continued to push westward but were stopped in Egypt by mamluks |
| abbassid caliphate | led by Arabs and Persians, islam, later shaped and conquered by Turkish people |
| nasir al-din al-tusi (1207-1274) | one of the most celebrated islamic scholars, contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine |
| ibn khaldun (1332-1406) | father of historiography, known for historical accounts traveling across Asia and Africas |
| a-ishah al-ba'uniyyah | sufi poet and mystic, most known female muslim poet in before the 20th century |
| sufis | emphasized introspection to grasp truth that they believed could not be understood through language, spread islam and adapted to local cultures and traditions (cultural diffusion) |
| vijayanagara empire (1336-1646) | empire acted as a barrier against muslim states of the north which allowed a hindu society to form, |
| rajput kingdoms | Northern India and present-day Pakistan, hindu kingdoms, no centralized government-left them vulnerable to muslim attacks causing Islam's presence to increase |
| delhi sultanate (13th-16th century) | northern portion of South Asia, hindu but islamic forces conquered the kingdom, some converted to islam and some stayed hindu , sultans eventually lost power to Mughals in 1526 |
| jizya | tax imposed on all non-muslim residents of the Delhi sultanate |
| preoselytize | actively seek convert |
| qutub minar | built by Delhi sultanate, built islamic mosque on top of hindu temple, physical symbol of Islamic presence in India and cultural diffusion |
| urdu | new language developed among muslims of soy Asia, blended Hindi, arabic, and farsi |
| Bhakti movement | hindus who focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular diety instead of studying texts, started in Southern Asia, did not discriminate between women or people of lower classes, similar to sufis, helped spread hinduism |
| srivijaya empire (670-1025) | sea-based empire, hindu kingdom based on Sumatra, built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and china |
| majapahit empire (1293-1520) | sea-based empire, based on java, sustained its power by controlling sea routes, buddhist |
| Sinhala dynasties | Sri Lanka, roots from merchants form northern India, buddhist, buddhist priests were often a part of the government |
| Khmer/angkor empire (802-1431) | near the Mekong river, complex irrigation and drainage system leading to economic prosperity, southeast asia, became buddhist from hinduism, added buddhist artworks to their hindu art (cultural diffusion) |
| Angkor wat | Buddhist temple |
| Sukhothai kingdom | invaded angkor wat forcing the khmers out in 1431 |
| Mississippians 700s or 800s | first large-scale civilization in North America, built large earthen mounds, people abandoned Mississippian cities for unknown reasons (suspected floods and crop failures) |
| cahokia | largest Mississippian mound in souther Illinois |
| matrilineal society | social standing was determined by mothers side of the family, Mississippians were an example |
| mayan government | city-states each ruled by a king consisting of a city and its surrounding territory, most rulers were men, wars were common to fight for tribute, captives were used for human sacrifices, rulers were descended gods, no centralized governments of armies |
| mayan religion, science, and tech | concept of zero, complex writing system, learned to make rubber, astronomy, calendars, pyramid=chichen itza, |
| Aztecs/mexicas | Mexico, hunter-gatherers |
| Mayas | central America |
| tenochititlan | aztec capital, one of the largest cities in the world, network of aqueducts |
| chinampas | aztec, floating gardens on lake texcoco, dug ditches to irrigate water from lake |
| theocracy | rule by religious leaders, aztec government |
| Inca | South America, "people of the sun" |
| pachacuti | Incan tribal leader, conquered tribes living near Peru |
| mit'a system | mandatory public service, men 15-50 had to work on bridges, roads, etc., for the better of the community, |
| temple of the sun | honored sun and veneration of ancestors, core of Inca religion |
| animism | belief that elements of the physical world could have supernatural powers |
| carpa nan | 25,000 miles of roads, used by inca government and military, built using captive labor |
| kin-based networks | families governed themselves, saharan africa |
| hausa kingdoms | before 1000 hausa ethnic group formed seven states, kinship ties |
| trans-saharan trade | network of trade routes across the saharan desert |
| ghana | west africa (Gold Coast), sold gold and ivory to muslim trades for salt, copper, cloth, and tools, centralized government aided by nobles and army |
| Zimbabwe | east africa, 12th-15th centuries, |
| Indian Ocean trade | connected east africa, Middle East, South Asia, and east Asia |
| swahili | east africa traders blended bantu and arabic |
| great Zimbabwe | capital of Zimbabwe, had stone wall surrounding the capital |
| ethiopia | kingdom of Axum, prospered through trade, christian-led kingdom, east africa |
| indian ocean slave trade | ensalves workers trade between east africa and the middle east |
| zanj rebellion | zanj=East African slaves, provided labor on sugar plantations, Arab workers mounted a series of revolts between 869 and 883 |
| griots | storytellers, passed down oral history |
| manors | large fiefs or estates |
| three-field system | crops were rotated through three fields, |
| king Phillip II (ruled 1180-1223) | france, first to develop a real bureaucracy |
| estates-general | body to advise the king that included representatives from each esop the three legal classes or estates, had little power |
| Otto I | German king, |
| lay investiture controversy | 11th and 12th century, over whether secular (non-religous) leader, rather than the pope could invite bishops with the symbols of office |
| Magna Carta | required the English king to respect certain rights such as the right to a jury trial before a noble could be sentenced to prison |
| English parliament | formed in 1265, increased rights of English nobility, |
| the hundreds year war | 1337-1453, rival monarchies of France and England, used gunpowder weapons, |
| great schism | split of the christian church in Europe, roman catholic church and the orthodox church |
| primogeniture | the elders son in a family inherited the entire estates, left generations of youngest sons with little access to wealth or land |
| crusades | series of European military campaigns in the Middle East between 1095 and the 1200s |
| Marco Polo | Italian native, visited Asia documenting culture and goods, increased interest in asian goods in Europe |
| bourgeoisie | shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landholders |
| little ice age | lowered temps reducing agricultural productivity, less to trade cities are slower |
| antisemitism | anti-jewish sentiment, widespread among christians |
| humanism | renaissance idea, focus on individuals rather than God, sought education and reform by writing secular literature |
Created by:
lcoyle19
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