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The Early Modern Era
Pre-AP World
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Humanism | Renaissance thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements; "Man is the measure of all things, man is the center or all things" |
| Humanities | study of subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history that were taught in ancient Greece and Rome |
| Florence | a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance |
| Patron | a person who provides financial support for the arts |
| Perspective | artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect |
| Vernacular | everyday language of ordinary people |
| Petrarch | Francesco Petrarch lived in Florence and was an early Renaissance humanist, poet, and scholar. He assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts gathered from monasteries and churches, helping to preserve these classic works for future generations. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | an Italian artist considered the ideal Renaissance man due to his varied talents. |
| Michelangelo | an Italian painter also known for his sculpture, engineering, architecture, and poems. His famous marble statue, David, shows the influence of ancient Greek traditions on Renaissance artists. |
| Raphael | a Renaissance painter who blended Christian and classical styles. His famous paintings include one of the Madonna, the mother of Jesus |
| Baldassare Castiglione | an Italian courtier, diplomat, and writer. His handbook, The Book of the Courtier, was widely read for its advice on the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that court members should display |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | a Renaissance political philosopher, statesman, and writer. His most famous work was a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power |
| Flanders | a region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; was an important industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance |
| Engraving | art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints |
| Utopian | idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society |
| Johannes Gutenburg | a goldsmith, printer, and publisher who created the printing press |
| Albrecht Durer | A painter, draftsman, and writer, his greatest artistic impact was in engraving. Many of his famous works, such as The Apocalypse, and Adam and Eve, had religious themes. |
| Erasmus | a Dutch priest, writer, and scholar who promoted humanism. |
| Sir Thomas More | a lawyer, scholar, writer, and member of British parliament during the reign of Henry VIII. He wrote Utopia, describing an ideal society |
| Shakespeare | a famous poet and playwright during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, he took a humanist approach to his characters. |
| Indulgences | selling of forgiveness by Catholic Church (salvation) |
| Wittenberg | a city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 Theses |
| Diet | assembly or legislature |
| Predestination | Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation |
| Geneva | Swiss city-state that became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland |
| Theocracy | government run by religious leaders |
| Martin Luther | (wanted to get rid of indulgences in the Catholic Church) a German monk and theologian who was the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation |
| Charles V | the Holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther's reformation efforts. A loyal Catholic, he rejected Luther's doctrines. After giving up his throne, Charles entered a Catholic monastery where he remained until his death. |
| John Calvin | a French theologian and lawyer. He later moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he set up a theocracy and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. Calvin's interpretation of Christian doctrine is called Calvinism. |
| Sect | a subgroup of a major religious group |
| Canonize | recognize a person as a saint |
| Compromise | an agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle ground |
| Council of Trent | a group of Catholic leaders that met to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church |
| Ghetto | separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live |
| Henry VIII | the second Tudor king of England. Henry’s desire for a male heir was the catalyst for his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of England. |
| Mary Tudor | the first queen to rule England in her own right. The daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon "Bloody Mary" |
| Thomas Cranmer | a Catholic theologian who strongly supported reform. When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Cranmer became England’s first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury. |
| Elizabeth | queen of England who used her experiences to become a shrewd and powerful monarch. Under her reign, England became an important European power. |
| Ignatius of Loyola | founder of the Society of Jesus, Jesuits, and theologian and an influential participant in the Catholic Reformation. |
| St. Teresa of Avila | author of several books on spiritual matters. She was a key influence during the Catholic Reformation |
| heliocentric | the belief that the sun is the center of the universe |
| scientific method | careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis |
| hypothesis | an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation. |
| gravity | force that pulls objects in Earth’s sphere to the center of Earth |
| calculus | a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations, developed by Isaac Newton |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Heliocentric scientist |
| Tycho Brahe | a Danish astronomer who produced the most accurate measurements and locations of the stars before the use of the telescope, challenged the belief that the stars were fixed and forever unchanging. |
| Johannes Kepler | a German astronomer whose discoveries expanded on Copernicus’s heliocentric universe. Kepler’s research showed that the planets move in a particular orbit around the sun. |
| Galileo | an Italian astronomer and mathematician whose discoveries using a telescope supported the heliocentric universe theories of Copernicus. |
| Frances Bacon | promoted rational thought. |
| Rene Descartes | one of the first to abandon traditional methods of thought based on Aristotle’s teachings. Instead, he promoted a new science based on observation and experiments. For this, he has been called the father of modern philosophy. |
| Robert Boyle | one of the founders of the Royal Society of London, led to the development of Boyle’s Law, |
| Isaac Newton | three laws of motion form the basic principles of modern physics and led to the formulation of the universal law of gravity |
Created by:
naomi.chen
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