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Muscle Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Actin | Thin filament in myofibril made of 3 individual proteins |
| Action | Activity of engaged muscle |
| Actylcholine | AcH- Neurotransmitter for skeletal muscles |
| ADP | - Adenosine Diphosphate - Byproduct of ATP hydrolysis - Can be converted to useable energy |
| Aerobic Metabolism | - Oxygen used in mitochondria = ATP - 36 ATP per 1 glucose |
| Agonist | Prime mover |
| All-or-None Response | Muscle fiber contracts to fullest extent or not at all |
| Anaerobic Metabolism | - No oxygen used - Fast but less ATP - 2 ATP per 1 glucose |
| Anisotropic Band (A-band) | Not uniformly dark; Never changes in length |
| Antagonist | Opposite of Prime Mover |
| Assimilation | Converts substances into other substances |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate; Energy storage molecule |
| Atrophy | Lack of muscle development from denervation (Loss of nerve supply) of inactivity |
| Axon | Carrier signals away from nerve body; Terminates in synaptic bulb |
| Calcium Ions | - Required for muscle contraction; Stored in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - Can combined with Troponin for contraction - Cofactor for ATPase |
| Carbohydrate Load of Muscles | 1.5% - 3.5%; 4% with glycogen storage |
| Cardiac Muscle | Heart muscle; Striated; Involuntary, Intercalated Disc |
| Cholinesterase | Enzyme that stops contraction (Relaxtion) |
| Components of Actin Complex | - 3 Proteins - G-actin (Contractile) - Troponin + Tropomyosin (Regulatory) |
| Components of ATP | - Adenine (Nitrogen Base) - Ribose (Pentose Sugar) - 3 Phosphates with high energy bonds |
| Concentric | Muscles shorten/broaden |
| Contraction Phase | - Sarcomere shortens - Z-lines come together - H+I Bands compress and disappear |
| Creatine Phosphate | Energy storage molecule |
| Cross Bridge Formation | Myosin head attaches to exposed actin receptor sites |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| Eccentric | Muscle lengeths while building tension |
| Endomysium | Connective tissue covering around a muscle fiber (cell) |
| Epimysium | Connective tissue covering muscle organ |
| Extension | Angel of joint increased |
| Fascicle | Bundle of muscle fibers |
| Fatigue | Running out of resources (ATP, O2, AcH, Gylcogen, Build up of metabolic waste |
| Fibromyalgia | Chronic muscle pain categorized by tender points and multiple body system issues (Fatigue, Stress) |
| Functions of Liver | - Converts glucose to glycogen and back - Stores glucose as fat - Makes urea - Converts lactic acid + protein into glucose |
| G-actin | Contractile; Small bead-like particles arranged in helix |
| Glucagon | Protein hormone produced by pancreas - increases blood sugar level by converting glycogen into glucose |
| Gluconeogenesis | Liver turns protein into glucose (Sugar) |
| Glycogen - Liver | Can stay in liver or go into bloodstream as glucose |
| Glycogen - Muscle | Stays in muscle |
| Glycolysis | Anaerobic Metabolism |
| Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP | Releases the energy |
| Hypertrophy | Advanced development of muscles by exercise |
| Hypodermis | Subcutaneous layer of skin containing superficial fascia |
| Insertion | Moves towards origin during concentric contraction |
| Insulin | Hormone made by pancreas; Allows glucose into cell, lowers blood sugar levels |
| Isokinetic | Same movement |
| Isometric | Same length during contraction; Static |
| Isotonic | Dynamic; Concentric/eccentric |
| Isotropic Band (I-Band) | Uniformly dark; Actin only; Disappears when muscles contract |
| Kreb's Cycle | Aerobic metabolism; Mitochondria uses O2 |
| Lactic Acid | Product of incomplete glucose burning (Anaerobic) |
| Latent Phase | No visible shortening, but stimulus is applied |
| Lipids to Ketones | Waste product when fat is burned |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Mitochondria | Produces ATP during Aerobic respiration |
| Motor Unit | Functional unit for neuron control; 1 neuron + all muscle fibers triggered |
| Muscle Fiber | Muscle cell |
| Muscular Dystrophy | Genetic; Sex-linked trait with weak cardiac / skeletal muscles |
| Myasthenia Gravis | Deadly condition of weakening muscles |
| Myofibril | Group of proteins that make up muscle fiber |
| Myofilament | Individual proteins in myofibril (Actin + Myosin) |
| Myoglobin | Stores O2 in sarcoplasm (Oxygen Reservoir) |
| Myosin | Contractile; Has heads/cross bridge formations that pull actin towards middle during contraction |
| Oxygen Debt | How much oxygen is needed to return to a stale pre-exercise |
| Parturition | Giving birth |
| Perimysium | Covering around fascicles/bundles |
| Peristalsis | Wave-like; Self-perpetuating contraction of single-unit smooth muscle |
| Properties of Muscle Fibers | - Contract / Relax - Responds to stimulu - Have elasticity |
| Protein + Water | Make up muscle fibers |
| Refractory Period | Muscle cannot respond to stimuli |
| Relaxation Phase | Triggered by cholinesterase |
| Ribosomes | Cell organelles where proteins are assembled |
| Sarcomere | Basic contractile unit of muscle |
| Sarcoplasm | Cytoplasm of muscle fiber |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | - Smooth ER of muscle fiber - Houses T-tubules - Stores and recaptures calcium |
| Single Unit Smooth Muscle | 1 Nerve connected to many muscles |
| Skeletal Muscle | - Voluntary - Striated - Multi-nucleated - Short refractory period |
| Sodium Ions | Outside resting muscle fiber/nerve; Moves into T-tubule to create action potential |
| Sprain | Ligament tensile stress injury |
| Stabilizer | Muscle that keeps joint + other muscles stable during contraction |
| Static | Isometric Contraction |
| Strain | Tensile stress injury to Tendon/muscle unit |
| Striations | Action/Myosin filaments create visible lines; Cardiac + Skeletal |
| Summation | Addition of sub-thresholds to reach threshold |
| Synergist | Muscle that assits prime mover/agonist |
| Tetanic Contraction (Tetanus) | Sustained, forceful contraction |
| Threshold of Stimulation | Minimal amount of stimulus needed to get a response |
| Tonus | Sustained partial contraction that maintains posture |
| Tropomyosin | - Part of actin complex - Regulatory protein - Covers actin receptor sites |
| Troponin | - Part of actin complex - Regulatory protein - Binds with calcium prior to contraction |
| T-tubules | Open to outside and allows sodium in and out |
| Urea | - Produced by liver - Byproduct of burning protein - Removed by sweat or kidneys |
| Voluntary Muscles | Skeletal Muscles |
| Z-lines | Ends of Sarcomere |
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