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Bones Functions
**NOT THE BONES THEMSELVES
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Functions of Skeleton | Support, Protect, Movement/Leverage, Mineral & Lipid (fat) storage, Blood Cell Formation & Storage |
| Axial Skeleton | Skull, ribs, vertebra |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Pelvic and pectoral girdle, limbs (arms and legs) |
| Feature of Long Bone - Diaphysis | shaft or main portion of bone |
| Feature of Long Bone - Epiphyses | portions at the ends of bone |
| Feature of Long Bone - Articular Cartilage | cartilagous layer cover the epiphyseal ends |
| Feature of Long Bone - Metaphysis | in mature bone, where diaphysis meets epiphysis, in growing - plate of cartilage or epiphyseal, later replaced by bone |
| Feature of Long Bone - Epiphyseal Line | remnant of epiphyseal plate |
| Feature of Long Bone - Periosteum | connective tissue that covers the bone except where there is articular cartilage |
| Feature of Long Bone - Medullary (marrow) Cavity | hollow canal inside the diaphysis containing yellow marrow, with fat and scattered blood cells |
| Midsagittal / Median Plane | divides into left and right |
| Coronal / Frontal Plane | divides into front and back |
| Transverse / Horizontal Plane | divides into upper and lower |
| Medial | closer to midline or median plane |
| Lateral | farther from midline or median plane |
| Anterior | toward front |
| Posterior | toward back |
| Superior | above, closer to top of head |
| Inferior | below, closer to bottom of feet |
| Superficial | closer to body's surface |
| Deep | further from body's surface, internal |
| Proximal | closer to attachment of limb to trunk of body, nearer the hip or shoulder |
| Distal | farther from the attachment of the limb to trunk of body, away from hip or shoulder |
| Dorsal - Hands | posterior, back of hand |
| Palmar | anterior, palm of hand |
| Dorsal - Feet | top of foot |
| Plantar | sole of foot |
| Ventral | closer to belly (animal) |
| Dorsal - Animals | closer to back (animal) |
| Cranial | closer to head (animal) |
| Caudal | closer to tail (animal) |
| Process | raised areas on bone |
| Foramen | holes |
| Articular Surface Found at a (usually movable) join - Condyle | large, rounded articular projection |
| Articular Surface Found at a (usually movable) join - Head | dome-shaped articular projection |
| Articular Surface Found at a (usually movable) join - Facet | smooth, flat surface for articulation, typically little movement occurs here |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Tubercle | small, rounded process |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Tuberosity | large, rounded, rough process |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Trochanter | large, blunt process only on femur |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Ridge | raised, elongated area of bone |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Torus | thickened ridge |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Crest | relatively sharp narrow ridge |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Linea - Line | raised, elongated area that is not as marked as a ridge or a crest |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Spine | sharp, slender projection |
| Areas of Muscle Attachment - Epicondyle | prominence above a condyle |
| Concave Areas on Bone or Openings Through Bone - Fissure | narrow, crack-like opening |
| Concave Areas on Bone or Openings Through Bone - Formen | holes for blood vessels and nerves to pass through |
| Concave Areas on Bone or Openings Through Bone- Meatus | short canal |
| Concave Areas on Bone or Openings Through Bone - Sulcus | furrow-like depression |
| Concave Areas on Bone or Openings Through Bone - Fossa | dug-out area, depression |
| Concave Areas on Bone or Openings Through Bone - Notch | indentation |
| Postcranial / Cranial | Post - those inferior to skull / cranial - bones of skull |
| Articulation | two bones come together, joint |
| Flexion | acts to bend or reduce angle between 2 bones |
| Extension | acts to increase angle between 2 bones |
| Abduction | movement of body part away from longitudinal axis of the body or in hand from specified digit |
| Adduction | movement of body part toward from longitudinal axis of the body or in hand from specified digit |
| Pronation | palm of hand turning toward the posterior aspect |
| Supination | palm of hand turning toward anterior aspect |
| Inversion | turns the sole of the foot inward |
| Eversion | turns the sole of the foot outward |
| Protraction | bone drawn forward |
| Retraction | bone drawn backward |
| Rotation | act of bone turning around axis |
| Circumduction | circular movement at joint, produced by numerous individual muscle actions |
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