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M.A.D exam #2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Multiple Sclerosis | A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system- the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. This damage disrupts the transmission of nerve signals. |
| Myelin | An insulating layer that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. |
| Relapsing-Remitting | a pattern of disease progression characterized by alternating periods of relapses and remissions |
| Secondary Progressive | A phase of multiple sclerosis where symptoms worsen over time, but relapses become less frequent. |
| Primary Progressive | Refers to conditions that gradually worsen over time, without any periods of remission. |
| Optic Neuritis | A condition in which the optic nerve, which carries visual information from the eye to the brain, becomes inflamed |
| Nystagmus | A condition where the eyes make involuntary, rhythmic movements. (horizontal, vertical, or rotary) |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| Dyarthria | Difficulty or unclear articulation of speech |
| Dysphonia | Difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords (hoarseness) |
| Neurodegenerative | Relating to the degeneration of nervous tissue- nerve cells in the brain or spinal cord die or stop working **progressive |
| Neuromuscular | Relating to nerves and muscles- a neuromuscular disease affects the peripheral nervous system, the neuromuscular junctions, or skeletal muscles (aka components of the motor unit). Damage to any of these can cause muscle atrophy and weakness. |
| Parkinson's Disease | Progressive neurodegenerative condition of central nervous system due to loss of dopamine production. Leads to progressive loss of motor function. |
| Parkinson's Symptoms | tremor, stiffness, slowness, and balance problems |
| Huntington's Disease | Progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain (genetic condition)- neurons in the basal ganglia degenerate. Causes disorders of movement, cognition, and behavior. |
| Huntington's Symptoms | Involuntary jerking or writhing movements, muscle problems such as rigidity or contracture, slow or unusual eye movements, impaired gait/balance, difficulty with speech or swallowing. |
| Alzheimer's Disease | A progressive and irreversible brain disorder that gradually destroys memory, thinking skills, and other cognitive functions. **most common form of dementia |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | (Referred to as Lou Gehrig’s disease) Gradual degeneration of motor neurons- no muscle nourishment so muscles atrophy or waste away. |
| Myasthenia Gravis | Chronic autoimmune neuromuscular condition- antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles. **affects the voluntary muscles of the body, especially the eyes, mouth, throat, and limbs. |
| Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms | eyelid drooping/visual problems, muscle weakness, facial muscles=mask life, trouble chewing/swallowing, slurred speech |
| Akinesia | Absence or significant reduction in voluntary movement |
| Tremor | An involuntary quivering movement |
| Rigidity | Inability to be bent or forced out of shape |
| Postural Disturbance | An abnormal posture that can cause pain or limited mobility |
| Basal Ganglia | A group of interconnected brian structures located deep within the cerebrum- primarily responsible for regulating and coordinating voluntary movements, decision making, learning, and memory |
| Hypophonia | A condition where a person has an abnormally weak or soft voice |
| Micrographia | A condition that causes abnormally small handwriting **often a sign of Parkinson’s disease |
| Dopamine | A neurotransmitter that affects motivation, movement, and reward-seeking. **it is the pleasure center |
| Bradykinesia | Medical term for slowness of movement **common symptom of Parkinson’s disease |
| Deep Brain Stimulation | A surgical procedure that uses electrical impulses to treat neurological conditions. **often described as a brain pacemaker |
| Psychotropic Medication | Drugs that affect the brain and nervous system, altering mood, behavior, thoughts, and perceptions- used to treat mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. |
| Dementia | Not a specific disease but is rather a general term for the impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday activities. |
| Lewy Body Dementia | Brain disorder that can lead to problems with thinking, movement, behavior, and mood- visual hallucinations/seeing things that are not there |
| Vascular Dementia | Second most common form- linked to stroke or other issues with blood flow to the brain. |
| Fronto-Temporal Dementia | Result of damage to neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain- rare and tends to occur at a younger age than other forms of dementia. |
| Early Onset Dementia | A type of dementia that develops in people under the age of 65 |
| Autoimmune Condition | When the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues, which can occur before symptoms appear. |
| Diplopia | Medical term for double vision |
| Ptosis | Medical term for drooping of the upper eyelid |
| Poliomyelitis | Acute infectious viral condition that primarily affects children and can cause paralysis. It is caused by the poliovirus, which infects the motor neurons in the central nervous system. |
| Guillain-Barre' Syndrome | A rare autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system, the network of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. **immune system attacks myelin sheath |
| Lyme Disease | A tick borne illness caused by bacteria. Symptoms include a rash, flu-like symptoms, and joint pain/weakness in the limbs. Curable with the appropriate antibiotics. |
| Bell's Palsy | Sudden parietal or complete paralysis of one side of the face |
| Central Sleep Apnea | The brain fails to communicate with the muscles need for breathing to initiate respiration |
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egpecory
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