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A/P Unit 1
Unit One Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Axial | Relating to head, neck, and trunk |
| Appendicular | Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis |
| Abdominal | Pertaining to anterior body truck region inferior to the ribs |
| Acromial | Pertaining to the point of the shoulder |
| Antebrachial | Pertaining to the forearm |
| Antecubital | pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow |
| Brachial | Pertaining to the arm |
| Buccal | Pertaining to the cheek |
| Calcaneal | Pertaining to the heel of the foot |
| Carpal | Pertaining to the wrist |
| Cephalic | Pertaining to the head |
| Cervical | Pertaining to the neck region |
| Coxal | Pertaining to the hip |
| Crural | Pertaining to the leg |
| Digital | Pertaining to the fingers and toes |
| Dorsum | Pertaining to the back |
| Femoral | Pertaining to the thigh |
| Fibular/peroneal | Pertaining to the side of the leg |
| Frontal | Pertaining to the forehead |
| Gluteal | Pertaining to the buttocks or rump |
| Hallax | Pertaining to the great toe |
| Inguinal | Pertaining to the groin |
| Lumbar | Pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin |
| Mammory | Pertaining to the breast |
| Manus | Pertaining to the hand |
| Mental | Pertaining to the chin |
| Nasal | Pertaining to the nose |
| Occipital | Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull |
| Olecranal | Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow |
| Oral | Pertaining to the mouth |
| Orbital | Pertaining to the bony eye socket |
| Otic | Pertaining to the ear |
| Metacarpal | Pertaining to the palm of the hand |
| Patellar | Pertaining to the anterior knee region (knee cap) |
| Pedal | Pertaining to the foot |
| Pelvic | Pertaining to the pelvis region |
| Perineal | Pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia |
| Plantar | Pertaining to the sole of the foot |
| Pollex | Pertaining to the thumb |
| Popliteal | Pertaining to the back of the knee |
| Pubic | Pertaining to the genital region |
| Sacral | Pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum) |
| Scapular | Pertaining to the shoulder blade area |
| Sternal | Pertaining to the region of the breastbone |
| Sural | Pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg |
| Tarsal | Pertaining to the ankle |
| Thoracic | Pertaining to the chest |
| Umbilical | Pertaining to the navel |
| Vertebral | Pertaining to the area of the spinal column |
| Superior | Above another structure |
| Inferior | Below another structure |
| Anterior | Toward the front of the body |
| Posterior | Toward the back of the body |
| Ipsilateral | Same side of the body |
| Contralateral | Opposite side of the body |
| Medial | Toward the midline of the body |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body |
| Cephalad/Crainial | Toward the head (top) |
| Caudal | Toward the tail (bottom) |
| Dorsal | Backside |
| Ventral | Bellyside |
| Proximal | Nearer the trunk or attached end |
| Distal | Farther from the trunk or point of attachment |
| Superficial | Toward or at the body surface, external |
| Deep | Away from the body surface, internal |
| Frontal Plane | Plane that divides the body into front and back |
| Sagittal Plane | Plane that divides the body into right and left |
| Parasagittal Plane | Plane that is near the median plane |
| Transverse Plane | Plane that divides the body into top and bottom |
| Parietal Serosa | Outerwall surrounding a cavity |
| Visceral Serosa | Lining surrounding an organ |
| Mucous Membranes | Open to body’s outside |
| Serous Membranes | Do not open to body’s outside |
| Axillary | Pertaining to the armpit |
| Cranial Cavity | Contains the brain |
| Vertebral Cavity | Contains the spinal cord |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | Contains the cranial and vertebral cavities |
| Thoracic Cavity | Contains heart and lungs |
| Abdominal Cavity | Contains stomach, intestines, liver, etc |
| Pelvic Cavity | Contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum |
| Ventral Body Cavity | Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| Umbilical Region | The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus |
| Epigastric Region | Region immediately superior to the umbilical region |
| Hypogastric Region | Region immediately interior to the umbilical region |
| Iliac Regions | Regions lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones |
| Lumbar Regions | Regions between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region |
| Hypochondriac Regions | Regions lateral to the epigastric region and overlying the lower ribs |
| Oral Cavity | Contains mouth, tongue, and teeth |
| Nasal Cavity | Cavity within the posterior of the nose |
| Synoval Cavities | Cavities that surround the freely movable joints of the body |
| Integumentary | Epidermal and dermal regions |
| Integumentary | Protects deeper organs from mechanical, chemical, and bacterial injury, and desiccation (drying out) |
| Integumentary | Excretes salts and urea |
| Integumentary | Aids in regulation of body temperature |
| Integumentary | Produces vitamin D |
| Skeletal | Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints |
| Skeletal | Body support and protection of internal organs |
| Skeletal | Provides levers for muscular action |
| Skeletal | Cavities provide a site for blood cell formation |
| Muscular | Muscles attached to the skeleton |
| Muscular | Primary function is to contract or shorten; in doing so skeletal muscles allow locomotion, grasping and manipulation of the environment and facial expression |
| Muscular | Generates heat |
| Nervous | Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors |
| Nervous | Allows body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscles or glands |
| Nervous | Helps maintain homeostatis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals |
| Endocrine | Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas |
| Endocrine | Helps maintain body homeostasis, promotes growth and development; produces chemical “messengers” (hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effect(s) on various “target organs” of the body |
| Cardiovascular | Heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| Cardiovascular | Primarily a transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made |
| Cardiovascular | Antibodies and other protein molecules in the blood act to protect the body |
| Lymphatic/Immunity | Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and scattered collections of lymphoid tissue |
| Lymphatic/Immunity | Picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood |
| Lymphatic/Immunity | Cleanes blood of pathogens and other debris |
| Lymphatic/Immunity | Houses lymphocytes that act via the immune response to protect the body from foreign substances (antigens) |
| Respiratory | Keeps the blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide |
| Respiratory | Contributes to the acid-base balance of the blood via its carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system |
| Digestive | Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas) |
| Digestive | Breaks down ingested foods to minute particles, which can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body cells |
| Digestive | Undigested residue removed from the body as feces |
| Urinary | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
| Urinary | Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes (urea, uric acid, and ammonia), which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by body cells |
| Urinary | Maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood |
| Male Reproductive | testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, and duct system, which carries sperm to the body exterior |
| Male Reproductive | Provides germ cells (sperm) for perpetuation of the species |
| Female Reproductive | Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina |
| Female Reproductive | Provides germ cells (eggs); the female uterus houses the developing fetus until birth; mammary glands provide nutrition for the infant |
| Thymus | An irregular mass of glandular tissue overlying the heart. |
| Heart | Medial oval structure enclosed within the pericardium (serous membrane sac). |
| Lungs | Organs flanking the heart laterally |
| Trachea | Tube running medially down the throat; part of the respiratory system |
| Bronchi | Two passageways that plunge laterally into the tissue of the two lungs |
| Esophagus | A food chute; the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| Diaphram | A thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage; separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| Stomach | A curved organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage |
| Small intestine | Connected to the stomach and ending just before the sac like cecum |
| Large intestine | A large muscular tube connected to the small intestine and ending at the anus |
| Cecum | The initial portion of the large intestine |
| Rectum | Terminal part of the large intestine; continuous with the anal canal |
| Anus | The opening of the digestive tract (through the anal canal) to the exterior |
| Mesentery | An apronlike serous membrane; suspends many of the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity |
| Pancreas | A diffuse gland; rests dorsal to and in the mesentery between the first portion of the small intestine and the stomach |
| Spleen | A dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered part of the lymphatic system and often called the red blood cell graveyard |
| Liver | Large and brownish red; the most superior organ in the abdominal cavity, directly beneath the diaphragm |
| Kidneys | Bean-shaped organs; retroperitoneal |
| Adrenal glands | Large endocrine glands that sit astride the superior margin of each kidney; considered part of the endocrine system |
| Ureter | Tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder |
| Urinary bladder | The sac that serves as a reservoir for urine |
| Inferior vena cava | The large vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower regions of the body |
| Descending aorta | Deep to the inferior vena cava; the largest artery of the body; carries blood away from the heart down the midline of the body |
| Anatomy | Study of the structure of living organisms. |
| Physiology | Study of the function of living organisms. |
| Metabolism | Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells. |
| Catabolism | Process in which living cells breakdown substances in to simpler substances. |
| Anabolism | Energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances. |
| Cell organelles | Small cellular structures that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole. |
| Cell | Structural unit of all living organisms. |
| Tissues | A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific function; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. |
| Organs | A part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function. |
| Organ systems | A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function. |
| Organism | The living animal or plant, which represents the sum total of all its organ systems working together to maintain life. |
| Superior | Above another structure |
| Inferior | Below another structure |
| Anterior | Toward the front of the body |
| Posterior | Toward the back of the body |
| Medial | Toward the midline of the body |
| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body |
| Intermediate | Between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
| Ipsilateral | Same side of the body |
| Contralateral | Opposite side of the body |
| Proximal | Nearer the trunk or attached end |
| Distal | Farther from the trunk or point of attachment |
| Superficial | Toward or at the body surface, external |
| Deep | Away from the body surface, internal |
| Parietal | Outerwall |
| Visceral | Internal |
| Sagital | Plane that divides the body into right and left |
| Midsagittal | Exact midline of the body |
| Parasagittal | Offset from the midline of the body |
| Anatomical position | The standard body position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body. |
| Frontal | Pertaining to the forehead |
| Coronal | Frontal Plane, divides body into anterior and posterior. |
| Horizontal plane | Transverse Plane, cross-section of body, divides body into superior and interior. |
| transverse plane | Plane that divides the body into top and bottom |
| cephalic | Pertaining to the head |
| cervical | Pertaining to the neck region |
| acromial | Pertaining to the point of the shoulder |
| olecranal | Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow |
| dorsal | Backside |
| ventral | Bellyside |
| popliteal | Pertaining to the back of the knee |
| sural | Pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg |
| plantar | Pertaining to the sole of the foot |
| calcaneal | Pertaining to the heel of the foot |
| cranial | Toward the head (top) |
| orbital | Pertaining to the bony eye socket |
| otic | Pertaining to the ear |
| buccal | Pertaining to the cheek |
| nasal | Pertaining to the nose |
| oral | Pertaining to the mouth |
| mental | Pertaining to the chin |
| axillary | Pertaining to the armpit |
| brachial | Pertaining to the arm |
| antecubital | Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow |
| antebrachial | Pertaining to the forearm |
| carpal | Pertaining to the wrist |
| metacarpal | Pertaining to the palm of the hand |
| pollex | Pertaining to the thumb |
| digital | Pertaining to the fingers and toes |
| femoral | Pertaining to the thigh |
| patellar | Pertaining to the anterior knee region (knee cap) |
| crural | Pertaining to the leg |
| tarsal | Pertaining to the ankle |
| hallux | Pertaining to the great toe |
| dorsal body cavity | Contains the cranial and vertebral cavities |
| ventral body cavity | Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| pleural cavities | Contains the lungs |
| mediastinum | The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heatr, great vessels, and trachea. |
| hypochondriac | Regions lateral to the epigastric region and overlying the lower ribs |
| epigastric | Region immediately superior to the umbilical region |
| lumbar/loin | Regions between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region |
| umbilical | The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus |
| iliac | Regions lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones |
| inguinal | Pertaining to the groin |
| hypogastric | Region immediately interior to the umbilical region |
| homeostasis | A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body |
| negative feedback | The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. |
| positive feedback | Causes the level of variable to change in the same direction as an initial change. |
| receptors | Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information to the second component. |
| effectors | Provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus. |
| internal receptors | Receptors which are sensitive to changes and stimuli within the body’s internal environment |
| external receptors | Receptors which are sensitive to changes and stimuli within the body’s external environment |
| steady state | Homeostatic balance |
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