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MELLON Ch.14-15 SS
Study Guide for Chapter 14 and 15 MELLON
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prince Henry: | He led the way in sponsoring exploration for Portugal, a small nation next to Spain. |
| Cartographer: | Map makers |
| Vasco da Gama: | A Portuguese navigator best known for being the first to sail from Europe to India by rounding Africa's Cape of Good Hope |
| Christopher Columbus: | An Italian navigator who sailed for Spain and explored the Americas in search of wealth and prestige. He helped fuel an age of exploration. Ferdinand and Isabella funded his expedition. |
| Line of Demarcation: | A line that the pope set that divided the non-European world into two zones. |
| The Treaty of Tordesillas: | An agreement for the line of demarcation. |
| Ferdinand Magellan: | A Portuguese explorer who is credited with masterminding the first expedition to circumnavigate the world. He proved the earth is round, expanded geographical knowledge, and discovered the Pacific ocean. |
| Circumnavigate: | To sail around the world. |
| Plantation: | Large estates run by an owner or an owner's overseer in America and elsewhere. |
| Missionary: | A person sent to a foreign country to spread religion. |
| Boers: | Dutch farmers |
| Dutch East India Company: | A group of wealthy dutch merchants. Primary purpose was trade and to obtain monopoly on the spice trade in Asia. They were not tightly controlled and had full absolute powers and dominated region. |
| Conquistador: | Conqueror |
| Hernan Cortes: | One of the earliest conquistadors, who conquered the Aztec's with 600 men, 16 horses, and a few cannons. Dona Marina served as his translator and advisor. Formed alliances with rivals of Aztec's with the help of Dona Marina (Malinche) to overthrow Aztecs. |
| Aztecs Info: | Tenochtitlan: Capital of Aztec empire Moctezuma: Aztec Emperor (captured and forced to give up wealth) Mexico City was build on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. |
| Francisco Pizzaro: | He was interested In the Incan Empire which was believed to be very rich. Atahhualpa refused to convert to Christian and Pizzaro and his Indian allies captured him, slaughtered incans, and demanded ransom for the ruler. They killed emperor, and got inca. |
| Why were Cortez and Pizzaro easily able to overthrow the huge empires? | They had great artillery technological advancement and the spread of disease. |
| Viceroy: | Representatives who ruled in the kings name. |
| Encomienda: | The right to demand labor or tributes from native Americans in a particular area. |
| Peninsular: | People born in Spain who were at the top of the social class. |
| Creole: | American born descendents of Spanish settlers; they owned most of the plantations, ranches, and mines. |
| Mestizo: | People of native American and European descent. |
| Mulatto: | People of African and European descent. |
| Social class rank in spanish society: | 1. Peninsulares 2. Creoles 3. Mestizos 4. Mulattoes 5. Native Americans and people of African descent |
| Privateer: | Pirates who operated with the approval of European Governments. |
| French and Indian War: | A war between the two powers, Britian and France. |
| Treaty of Paris: | A treaty that ended the worldwide war. France was forced to give Canada and its lands East of the misissipi river to Britian. It handed the Louisiana territory over to Spain. France regained the islands in the Caribbean + slave trading outposts in Africa. |
| Middle passage: | The second leg of the triangular trade where slaves were transported. |
| Triangular trade: | A three legged international trade route. |
| How was Cortes able to conquer the Aztec's (Specific)? | He used advanced military artillery to defeat them. He also made alliances with other native groups. They spreaded disease quickly which helped wipe out the Aztec's. |
| What were the similarities and differences between Cortes and Pizzaro's conquests of the Natives? | Similar: Spanish conquistadors, and both conquered massive empires. The both had a massive impact on natives. Different: Different empires conquered and they used different complex strategies. |
| What were the specifics and significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas? | It was an agreement between Spain and Portugal. Significant because it inspired European exploration, and resolved conflict without war. |
| Why did New France grow slowly? | It grew slowly bc a combination of harsh climate, limited resources, and conflicts w/ the natives. French were interested in trading furs and making alliances with Native American tribes, rather than establishing large colonies and agricultural activities |
| Explain the triangular trade: | System of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. European ships carried manufactured goods to Africa, where they were traded for enslaved Africans. These slaves were then brought to Americas and traded for raw materials. |
| Who were the Taino people and how were they treated by Columbus? | Indigenous inhabitants of the Caribbean islands (Hispaniola). Columbus and the Spanish were generally harsh and exploitative. Many Taino people were enslaved or killed, and their population was devastated by diseases brought by the Europeans. |
| What was the treaty of Paris and what was its significance? | Agreement that ended the Seven Years' War between Britain and France. The significance of the treaty was that it marked the end of French presence in North America and solidified British control over the region. |
| What was the Spanish Colonial Society like? (Encomienda System) | Spanish colonizers were granted land and indigenous laborers to work for them in exchange for protection and Christianization. This system allowed for the exploitation and abuse of indigenous populations, as they were essentially treated as slaves. |
| Describe joint stock companies? | Business organizations that allowed multiple individuals to invest and share in the profits and risks of a trading or exploration venture. These companies( BEIC, DEIC) played a significant role in European overseas expansion during the Age of Exploration. |
| What motivated Prince Henry to make overseas exploration one of his goals? | Prince Henry was motivated to make overseas exploration one of his goals due to a desire to spread Christianity, gain wealth, and increase Portugal's power and influence. |
| How did the Renaissance motivate European explorers? | The Renaissance motivated European explorers by fostering a spirit of intellectual curiosity, encouraging the pursuit of knowledge, and promoting the idea of individual achievement and discovery. |
| How did Portugal's strategy of building forts instead of permanent colonies affect Portugal's history in Africa? | allowed them to establish a network of strategic trading posts along the African coast without overextending their resources. allowed them to control trade routes and collect tribute from local rulers. limited ability to establish long-lasting colonies. |
| What was the main reason for Korea's isolation? | To protect themselves from threats and other culture. |
| What advantage did the Spanish have over the Native Americans? | superior weaponry, such as firearms and cannons. They also had horses, which the Native Americans had never encountered before and were fearful of. Additionally, the Spanish had immunity to many diseases that ravaged the Native American populations. |
| Compare and Contrast Cortes' conquering of the Aztec's and Pizzaro's conquering of the Inca's. | same in exploiting existing divisions within the empires, forming alliances with natives, and using superior weaponry. C used a more diplomatic approach by initially gaining the trust of the Aztecs, while P's conquest of the Incas was more violent. |
| How did Spanish conquest affect Native American's who survived? | Natives were subjected to forced labor, harsh treatment, and exploitation under the encomienda system. Many Native Americans also died from diseases brought by the Europeans, as they had no immunity to these illnesses. |
| Compare the Spanish conquest of Central and South America with the French conquest of North America.? | The Spanish conquest of Central+South America led to the large colonies + the misuse of natives for labor and resources. The French conquest of N.A focused more on trade+maintaining alliances with Natives=smaller settlements and a different approach. |
| Define and describe the Colombian exchange? | Widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, culture between the Old World+New World after Columbus' voyages. This had economic, environmental, and social impacts on both sides, as it introduced new crops, animals, and diseases to different regions. |
| Describe how mercantilism works? | It focused on accumulating wealth through trade, particularly by exporting more goods than importing. It emphasized the importance of colonies to provide raw materials and markets for the mother country's products. |
| Describe triangular trade in detail? | USE REVIEW GUIDE KEY (TOO WORDY) |
| Describe the relationship between a mother country and a colony? | The colony existed to serve the economic and political interests of the mother country. The colony provided resources, labor, and markets for the mother country's goods, while the mother country controlled and benefited from the colony's wealth. |
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