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History Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Enlightenment | 18th century philosophical movement that began in France, its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition, it spread concepts from the Scientific Revolution, helpful for advocating womens rights |
| Sovereignty | Idea that legitimate political authority resides not in kings but in people who make up the society. |
| John Locke | Worked to discover natural laws of politics |
| Two Treatises of Government | The First Treatise attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory. The book is |
| Philosophes | Prominent intellectuals |
| Montesquieu | saught to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster politics and liberty in a prosperous and stable state, advocated for the separation of leguslation,executive and jududicial powers |
| Separation of powers | the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. |
| Voltaire | the pen name of Francois-marie aronet wrote under |
| Freedom of thought | is the freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or thought, independent of others' viewpoints. |
| Denis Diderot | share info publicly, wrote the encyclopedia, believed in the existence of God |
| Encyclopedia | Book of set of books giving information on many subjects |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Most prominent advocate of political equity, wrote the book the social contract |
| The Social Contract | something that has been socially constructed, if gov is fair gov exists but if gov is not fair people have the right to get rid of gov. |
| Salon | meeting of sponsors |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | advocate for womans rights, most prominent british writer |
| A Vindication of the Rights of Woman | trailblazing treatise of feminism (1792) written by British writer and women’s activist Mary Wollstonecraft. The work argues for the empowerment of women in education, politics, society, and marriage. |
| Ancien Regime | Meaning old order, refers to the period prior to the French revolution in 1789 |
| First Estate | Clergy, does not have to pay taxes because they have an agreement with the pope. |
| Second Estate | nobles. Do not have to pay taxes because they have an agreement with louis XIV |
| Third Estate | Everyone else, they are the only ones who have to pay taxes |
| Estates General | assembly that represented the entire french population through groups known as estates |
| Absolute monarchy | a system of government where the ultimate authority to run the state is in the hands of a king, dictator, or monarch who rules by their own right |
| Constitutional monarchy | a country with a king or queen whose power is controlled by a set of laws and basic principles outlined in a constitution. |
| Louis XVI | King, (1774-1793) increased tax on french nobility, last king of france before the end of the french monarchy during the French revolution, who was executed by the guillotine |
| Tennis Court Oath | promising they would continue to meet wherever until they make a constitutional government |
| Versailles | place of french king Louis XIV |
| National Assembly | representatives from the third estate leaving the estates general, later changes name to constituent assembly |
| Bastille | fortrise in paris, small group of revolutionaries attacked it |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Men are born equal, men are innocent till proven guilty, around 1790 things calm down |
| The Convention | only gov existing at time, has branches, kinda like the congress |
| Olympe de Gouges | french femilist who authorized the declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen at the start of the french revolution which advocated for equal rights for women |
| Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen | writen in 1791 by olympe de gouges, women should have the same rights as men |
| Suffrage | Right or the privilege to vote in order to elect public officials or to adopt laws |
| Maximilien Robespierre | head of violence, tried to have total control, french revolutionary, architects of the reign of terror |
| Committee of Public Safety | make sure claims are true of enemies of the state, have power over life or death |
| The Terror | period of french revolution with mass executions of political suspects |
| Guillotine | machine used to behead people |
| The Directory | five people in it, passes laws to calm things down, almost like the president, |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | french military leader during the french revolution who later seized power and crowned himself emperor from 1804-1814 and again in 1815 till her was defeated and exiled |
| The Consulate | top level gov of france, three people in it, napolian abolished it after declaring himself emperor, changed it to only one person in it (him), |
| Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) | napoleans big gift to the third estate to win them over, reaffirming equality of all men, creates court system |
| Emperor | sovereign ruler of great power and rank |
| Abdicate | Renounce ones throne |
| Concordat of 1801 | napolean gives the church all of its confiscated land back, wants pope to crown him emperor, |
| Battle of Waterloo | marking the end of napoleanic wars, napoleon lost against other powers of europe |
| Abolition | anti-slavery movement |
| William Wilberforce | Did anti-slavery movement, lead spokesman |
| Saint-Domingue | had a lot of sugar, also known as haiti, french colony, revolutions happened and they gained independence |
| Hispaniola | large caribbean island, between cuba and puerto rico, where christopher colombia landed, half went to spain and other half went to france |
| Haiti | The worlds first black Republic Social class: Rich white people ( Haitis version of the seound estate) Non-rich white(haitis version of the third estate) Free black people enslaved |
| Toussaint Louverture | Haitian general and leader of the Haitian Revolution against the French until his death in a French prison |
| Latin America | |
| Siman Bolivar | |
| Gran Columbia | |
| Industrial Revolution | woman started to work,children were also employed, brought big change to society |
| Industrialization | the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale |
| First Industrial Revolution | |
| Second Industrial Revolution | when places that have already been industrialized start a new phase of industrialization were rapid tech change,standerdization, and mass consumption |
| Putting-out system | method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion |
| Flying Shuttle – John Kay | 1733,speed up weaving process, stimulated demand for cotton thread |
| Mule – Samuel Crompton | 1779, spinning mule, device of choice for spinning cotton thread, produced 100x than manuel spinning wheel |
| Power Loom – Edmund Cartwright | water driven, mechanicized the weaving process |
| Steam Engine – Jamesd Watt | 1785, burned coal to boil water and create steam which drove the machine |
| Coal | played crucial role in the industrialization of great britain, till 18th century it was primary source of fule |
| Iron | benefited from tech refinement, british production skyrocketed during 18th century, made industrial machinery stronger |
| Steel | harder, stronger, and more resilient than iron, production rose sharply, started to replace iron in tools, machines and structures that required high strength |
| Railroads | linked industrial centers,coal fields, iron deposits and port cities |
| Canals | artifical waterway built for dranage or transport |
| Factory System | the system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century with the development of the power loom and the steam engine and is based on concentration of industry into large establishments. contrasted with domestic system. |
| Electricity | ushered new era of manufacturing and production. Factories rin longer hours |
| Crystal Palace | giant green house, six football fields long, glass and iron structure that housed an exhibition in london in 1852 to display industrial products |
| Population Growth | encouraged migration and urbanization, increased agricultural production and brought about rapid demographic changes |
| Demographic Transition | -the shifting patterns of fertility and morality |
| Urbanization | population shift from rural to urban areas, migrants flocked from the countryside to urban centers in search of work |
| Migration | movement of people from one place to another, permanent change or residence |
| Middle class | small business owners,factory managers,engineeers, they generated great wealth |
| Working class | laborers who worked in factories and mines |
| Child labor | ook children away from home and parents for long hours with few breaks |
| Imperialism | The process by which one state with superior military strength and more advanced tech. Imposses its economic, political, ans soverign control over the land, population, and resources of a vulnerable community |
| ‘New Imperialism’ | colonization powers attempted to rapidly expand and establish administration over colonized regions |
| Sphere of Influence | a region where a state of organization has a degree of political,economic, social,cultural exclusivity |
| Colony | country or area under the full or partial political control of another country |
| Direct Rule | System of government in which a province is controlled by a central government |
| Indirect Rule | system of government of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative,legal, and other powers, British employed in many of their African colonies |
| ‘Mission civilisatrice’ (‘civilizing mission’) | political rationale for military intervention or colonization |
| Machine Gun | explosive shells, rairly failed to defeat african forces, wars were one sided |
| Steamship | ship that is propelled by a steam engine, reached points sailboats could not |
| Telegraph | tied lacal and regional markets into a national economic work |
| Quinine | |
| Malaria | mosquito born infectious diseases |
| Suez Canal | helped the building and maintenance of empires by enabling naval vessels to travel more rapidly than ever before between the worlds seas and oceans |
| Panama Canal | helped the building and maintenance of empires by enabling naval vessels to travel more rapidly than ever before between the worlds seas and oceans |
| Ming Dynasty | chinese dynasty found by Hongwu and known for its cultural brilliance,starts because of renellion and natural disasters, responds to mongols, |
| Zheng He | chinese mariner, explorer, and admiral during the early ming dynasty who travled as far as malindi in east africa |
| Hongwu | peronal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founding emperor of the ming dynasty ub china |
| Eunuchs | pulled young men from different borders of china, brought them to the capital to be his servants |
| Yongle | third emperor of ming dynasty, ushers in ming renaissance |
| Great Wall | protect the ming relm |
| Qing Dynasty | dynasty that reached its peak during the reigns of kangxi and qianling, Declined because of massive population growth, rise in corruption, traditional chinese hubris |
| Tributary States | a pre-modern state in a particular type of subordinate relationship to a more powerful state which involved the sending of a regular token of submission, or tribute, to the superior power |
| Qianlong | emperor of chinas qing dynasty and grandson of kangxi |
| ‘Son of Heaven’ | also known as the Mandate of Heaven, who ever holds the Mandate of Heaven is the designed ruler of china |
| Scholar-Bureaucrats | day to day gov of the empire fell on them, passed civil service examinations, dominated chinas political and social life |
| Civil Service Examinations | a battery of grueling tests given at the district,provincial, and metripilits levels that determined entry into the chinese civil service suring the ming and qing dynasties |
| Cohongs | specially licensed chinese firms that were under strict government regulation |
| Opium | illegal drug in chind |
| Opium War | Britain trades illegal drug (opium) for currency so china would have to trade silver with them again, china cracks down on people not having opium and in the processs ruined ½ years supply and did not reimburse Britain then causing a way. Britain had the |
| Treaty of Nanjing | first unequal treaty, gives hong kong to the british in perpetuity, five ports open to the british who are allowed to establish residence, granted extra territoriality to british in china |
| Unequal Treaties | it is a forced treaty |
| Extraterritoriality | Immunity of foregin states or international organization and their representatives from local jurisdiction |
| Taiping Rebellion | caussed by hong xiuquan, rebellion destabalized everything, rebellion in qing china led by hong xiuqyan during which 20-30 million were killed, the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of china during the 19 century |
| Self-Strengthening Movement | sought to blend chinese culture traditions with western technology, failed because of a lot of conservative voices spoke out about it |
| Hundred Days Reform | launched reforms to industrialize china and modernize rhe gov along with the western lines |
| Boxer Rebellion | nationalist militia groups saught to kill foreigners and chinese christians and evict the western powers |
| Cixi | former imperial concubine who established herself as effective ruler of the qing dynasty in te fifty years prior to the end of qing rule in 1908. She was hated by millions for her lavish spending, corruption, and resistance to reform |
| Puyi | two year old boy that had to be imperial throune, never had a chance to rule bc a revolution broke out |
| East India Company | british join-stocked company that grew to be a state within a state in india, its possessed its own armed forces |
| Battle of Plassey 1757 | british wins war, also known as 7 year war |
| Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Rebellion) 1857 | ultimately unsuccessful rebellion in north and central india by a large portion of the bengal army and the civil population against british rule |
| British Raj | British running india, 1858-1947, crown jewel of british empire, gave britain a lot of wealth |
| Scramble for Africa | period between about 1875 and 1900 in which european powes sought to colonize as much of the African continent as possible |
| South Africa | has many resources |
| Boer War (South African War) 1899-1902 | british had tech advantages, faught over right to have and control land |
| Berlin Conference (Berlin West Africa Conference) 1884-1885 | meetings organized by german chancellor otto van bismarck that provided teh justification for european colonization of africa |
| Belgian Congo | effort to migrate some of the worst abuses of the colony away from leopold and thereafter administred it as the Belgian congo |
| Leopold II | -King of Belgium, thought to be a good guy by many but used women as sex workers in congo so not a good guy |
| Commodore Perry | American commander, demanded that the shot gun open japan to deplomatic and commercial relations and sign a treaty of friendship, they agree under pressure |
| Tokugawa | winner at the end of complicated waring states period, good military leader, last shogunate in japans history, it was founded by tokugawa leyasu who was notable for unifying japan |
| Treaty of Kanagawa | between japan and us, ended japans policy of isolation, opened japan to foreign trade and influence |
| Matsuhito | boy emperor that took reigns, og name was Meigi, reigned during the most eventful period in japans history |
| Meiji Restoration | restoration of immperial rule under the Emperor Meigi in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi, the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen japan |
| Constitution 1889 | limited authority of Diet, reserved power to executive branch of gov, emperor had right to dissolve parliament, recognized individual rights |
| Diet | -japanese parliament, founded in 1890, modeled as a bicameral legislative body |
| Zaibatsu | -japanese term for wealthy cliques similar to an american trust |
| Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 | -japanese term for wealthy cliques similar to an american trust |
| Treaty of Shimonoseki 1895 | |
| Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 | The conflict between Russia and Japan over territorial expansion in East Asia. Japan defeats Russia, and convinces Nicolas II to sign the parliament. |
| Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 | |
| Socialism | desire to create an equitable economics and soocial structure based on a community |
| ● Utopian Socialists | communities working together would make people happier |
| ● Robert Owen | factory owner that gave opportunities for employes |
| ● Karl Marx | influenced by enlightenment ideals, german philosopher and socialist revolutionary who founded, with Friedrich Englels, the modern communist movement |
| ● Friedrich Engels | german socialist philosopher who with karl marx founded modern communism and co-authored the communist manifesto |
| ● The Communist Manifesto (1848) | Writen by Karl and Friedrich, the manifesto said that all human history has been a struggle between social class |
| ● Romanticism | movement in arts and literature |
| ● Nationalism | community identity that had to do with enlightenment values, identification with ones own nation and support of its interest especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations |
| ● Nation | type of community |
| ● Nation-state | -Principal form of political organization throughout the world, a state that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation |
| ● Johann Gottfried von Herder | sang praise of the german and their powerful and expressive lanuage |
| ● Zionism | movement and re-establishment and development of a jewish nation, which is now israel |
| ● Theodor Herzl | jewish austro-hungarian writer and journalist who founded te modern zionist movement |
| ● Judenstaat | pamphlet published by Herzl, argued that the only defense against anti semitism lay in the mass migration of jews from all over the world to a land that they coulf call their own |
| ● Anti-Semitism | Prejudice against jews and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them |
| ● Unification of Germany | in 1871,was brought by blood and iron, it clear that, when coupled with strong political, diplomatic, and militan leadership, nationalism had enormous potential to mobilize |
| ● Otto von Bismarck | forced germany to sign a treaty, does not want austria to gain power, concervation german statesman who engineered the unification of germany and then served as its first chancellor until 1890 |
| ● Realpolitik | -the prussian otto von bismarcks politics of reality, the belief that only the willingness to use force would actually bring about change |
| ● Schleswig War 1864 | |
| ● Austro-Prussian War 1866 | war between prussia and on the one side and Austria, bavaria, saxony. The dispute between prussia and austria over the administration of schlewig- holstein |
| ● Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 | conflict between freance and germany led by the kingdom of prussia. This resulted in prussias victory over austria in 1866 |
| ● Second German Empire 1871 | |
| ● Weltpolitik | Foreign policies adopted by Germany to change Germany into a global power. |
| ● Archduke Franz Ferdinand | heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated, was a big thing that started war, |
| ● Gavrilo Princip | thrown to jail after killing the Archduke |
| ● Black Hand | serbian terriost organization, assassinated srchduke francis ferdinand and provided the spark to start the great war |
| ● MANIA | Militarism -Alliances-Nationalism - Imperialism-Assassination |
| ○ Militarism | The believe that a countries should keep a strong army and be prepared for any attacks. |
| ○ Alliances | they outlined the circumstance under which countries would go to war to support one another |
| ○ Nationalism | community identity that had to do with enlightenment values |
| ○ Imperialism | terms associated with the expansion of the european powers and their conquest and colonizarion of African and Asian societies mainly freom the sixteenth through nineteenth century- |
| ○ Assassination | the act of murdering someone |
| ● Triple Alliance (Central Powers) | austria, italy, ottoman empire |
| ● Triple Entente (Allies/Allied Powers) | pre-world war I alliance of Germany , |
| ● Schlieffen Plan | germany using all its forces to invade belgium in order to invade france |
| ● Western Front | the german march tward paris in august 1914 that was stopped by the french army along the River Marne, both sides fought one another that led to a series of movements that took both armies to the north sea, German and Franco-British armies faced eachother |
| ● Trench Warfare | type of combat were troops fight eachother from opposing trenches facing eachother |
| ● No-man’s land | in between te twi forces ine space thats extremely dangerous if you step foot there |
| ● Poison Gas | Used to disable other army in warefare, also used to get opposing army to leave trenches |
| ● Eastern Front | Russia continues to loose territory |
| ● Total War | War when any weapon is able to be used, it is more than war with troops and includes civlian |
| ● War of attrition | Gradually wearing down the enemy, firepower by the modern weapons slaughtered soldiers by the millions |
| ● Home Front | term made popular in WWI and WWII for the civilian”fronts” that was a symbolic of the greater demands of total war |
| ● Conscription | Enlistment into the army |
| ● Role of women | took normally men job when men went to war, they made shells |
| ● Propaganda | Misleading information to other nations, was used so other nations would get wrong information |
| ● Censorship | suppressing information about armies so other countries dont get it. It was used so people could not over share war plans and stuff |
| ● Twenty-one Demands | Japan to china, showing their sominance, made it so china had to trade with japan |
| ● Gallipoli | the battle unsuccessful for allies, when britain was fighting the ottoman empiree |
| ● Sykes-Picot Treaty 1916 | the agreement between great britain and france have an agreement that most of the arab lands under the rule of the ottoman empire are to be divided into british and french influence at the end of WWI |
| ● Balfour Declaration 1917 | a public statement issued by British Gov announcing irs support for the establishmen of a national home for the jewish people in palestine. This greatly increased popular support for zionism within jewish communities |
| ● Unrestricted submarine warfare | German submarine would sink any ships that come into their water with out warning anything in those zones germany will sink |
| Zimmermann telegram | a diplomatic proposal for Mexico to join the Central Powers in the event of the United States entering World War I on the side of the Triple Entente, in return Mexico woul have gotten exam, New Mexico, and Arizona but Mexico declined |
| ● Armistice Day November 11, 1918 | |
| ● Spanish flu 1918-1919 | 5% of the world population died |
| ● Paris Peace Conference | the confrence determined new national borders and shaped the league of nations |
| ● Georges Clemenceau | Represent leader of France at the Paris peace conerence |
| Lloyd George | Represent leader of Great Britian at the Paris peace conference |
| ● Woodrow Wilson | president of the US during WWI and author of the 14 points ine of which envisioned the establishmen tof the league of nations |
| ● Fourteen Points | Most important are equality of trade, nationalism in italy, and independent Poland |
| ● Treaty of Versailles | signed by the allies and associated powers. The treaty gace German territories to neighboring countries and watched over these territories |
| ● Ataturk | meaning father of the turks, real name was mustafa kemal, turkish army offecer, reformer, and first president of the modern republic of turkey after the ottoman defeat in WWI |
| ● League of Nations | established the end of the WWI as an international peacekeeping organization. The us did not fully join it |
| ● Mandate System | the system created by the league of nations in order to maintain peace between territories and gov by both ottoman and german empires |
| ● The Crimean War | started with russia invasion of turkey, britishm and franch both wating to go to the ottoman empire as well, russia lost against britain, which effected the whole nation terribly russia lost territory which effected the economy as a whole |
| ● Tsar Alexander II | emperor of russia from 1855 until his assassination, best known for his emancipation of the serfs in 1861 |
| ● Emancipation Manifesto | manifesto proclaimed by the russian tsar alexander II in 1861 that abolished the institution of serfdom and freed 23 million serfs |
| ● Sergei Witte | late nineteenth century russian minister of finance who pushed for industrialization |
| ● Pogroms | organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, anti jew group |
| ● Nicholas II | russian tsar who was first deposed and then executed along with his family , in the russian revolution |
| ● Russo-Japanese War | the conflict between russia and japan over terrirorial expansion in east asia. Japan defeats russia, and convinces Nicolas II to sign the parliament |
| ● Duma | russian parliament established after the revolution of 1905 |
| ● Bolshevik | russian communist party headed by lenin |
| ● February Revolution | In 1917 disintegrating armies, mutinies, and food shortages provoked a series of street demonstrations and strikes in Petrograd. Tsar Nicholas II left and Russia ceased to be a monarchy. occurred March 8, lead by women trying to get food for family |
| ● Vladimir Lenin | -a revolutionary marxist, was sent to Russia to start to stir up troupes, argues for peace,land(wealth), and bread, used points to try and start a revolution |
| ● October Revolution | the virtually bloodless inseraction had happened and power passed from the provisional gov to Lenin and the Bolterk, provisional gov insistence on continuing the war, its inability to feed the population, and its refusal to undertake land reform. |
| ● Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Bolshevik rulers ended Russias involvement in the war by signing this document with Germany. It gave Germany possession or control of much of Russia territory. |
| ● Russia Civil War | Faught between the “reds” led by Holsheviks, and “whites” anti- bolsheviks |
| ● War Communism | goods were distributed by administrative rationing or barter, both than 20 percent monthly inflation, prices rose in totally by many thousand times, money loosing its value |
| ● New Economic Policy | plan implemented by lenin that called for minor free-market reforms |
| ● Joseph Stalin | Soviet revolutionary who led the soviet union from the mid 1920 to his death, whose policies resulted in the death of twenty million people |
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