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Body Structure
Body Structure and Function - Urinary System I - 11/11/24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe the right and left kidney position | right is lower and smaller than left |
| why is the right kidney smaller and lower than the left? | liver occupies space |
| where are the kidneys found in retroperitoneal position? | between T12 and L3 vertebrae |
| where do the ureters end in females and males? | posterior wall of the urinary bladder |
| shape of the ureteral openings in male and females? | slit-like |
| why are the ureteral openings slit-like in males and females? | stops backflow to kidneys during bladder contraction |
| first step of the micturition reflex | stretch receptors in detrusor muscle are stimulated as bladder fills |
| second step of the micturition reflex? | interneurons relay the signal to thalamus and cerebral cortex |
| when interneurons relay signals to the thalamus and cerebral cortex what happens? | creates the urge to urinate when bladder has 200ml urine |
| when is the urge to urinate signaled? | bladder has 200ml urine and when interneurons relay signal to thalamus and cerebral cortex |
| third step of the micturition reflex? | motor neurons in detrusor muscle cause contraction of bladder - parasympathetic stimulation |
| what type of stimulation is it when the motor neurons in the detrusor muscle cause bladder contraction? | parasympathetic |
| when motor neurons in detrusor muscle cause bladder contraction what happens? | HP builds in bladder and urination only occurs if both internal and external urethral sphincters relax |
| fourth step of micturition reflex? | relaxation of external sphincter is under voluntary control |
| relaxation of external sphincter causes what? | stimulates relaxation of internal sphincter and if external sphincter is contracted, bladder will relax up to one hour |
| fifth step of micturition reflex? | beyond 500ml of urine in bladder = high pressure = internal sphincter forced open |
| beyond 500ml of urine in bladder = high pressure = internal sphincter forced open causes what? | external sphincter to open and urination happens |
| renal hilum? | recess in kidney forming entry point for renal arteries and nerves and exit point for renal veins and ureters |
| fibrous capsule? | lines renal sinus and is a large cavity inside skidney |
| renal cortex? | outer layer with direct contact with fibrous capsule, divided into renal columns extending towards the renal sinus and contain blood vessels, urinary tubules and fibrous material |
| erythropoietin? | hormone produced in renal cortex, needed for new RBC synthesis |
| renal medulla? | inner layer divided into renal pyramids |
| renal pyramids? | triangles with nephron networks |
| how many renal pyramids are in a kidney? | 6-18 |
| renal papilla? | tip of renal pyramid |
| where does urine exit the renal pyramids? | minor calyxes |
| where does urine go from the minor calyxes? | major calyxes |
| where does urine follow the major calyxes? | renal pelvis |
| renal pelvis? | forms top of ureter, when distends peristalsis occurs and urine moved from kidneys to bladder |
| kidney lobe? | single renal pyramid and surrounding renal cortex |
| nephron made of? | renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| where does the renal corpuscle lie? | in cortex |
| renal corpuscle consists of what? | double walled epithelial cup, Bowman's capsule, glomerulus |
| renal corpuscle function? | filter waste from blood |
| why does the renal medulla appear striped? | has thousands of tubules |
| where does ultrafiltration occur? | copuscle |
| describe ultrafiltration in the corpuscle | non-selective |
| where does selective reabsorption occur? | renal tubule |
| where do renal arteries branch off? | abdominal aorta |
| renal veins join where? | vena cava |
| describe the blood supply in the kidney | in renal hilum the abdominal aorta -> renal arteries -> renal veins -> inferior vena cava |
| what % of cardiac output do kidneys receive? | 200-25% |
| kidneys receive 20-25% of what? | cardiac output |
| kidneys filter how much? | 1.2L blood/ min |
| what do renal arteries divide into? | interlobar arteries |
| interlobar arteries? | begin in renal sinus and extend into renal cortex and supply blood to arcuate arteries |
| arcuate arteries? | hug boundary of cortex and medulla |
| what do arcuate arteries divide into? | cortical radiate arteries |
| what supplies the renal cortex? | cortical radiate arteries |
| what do cortical radiate arteries divide into? | afferent arterioles |
| what do afferent arterioles supply blood to? | nephrons |
| how does blood leave the glomerulus? | efferent arteriole |
| when blood enters the peritubular capillary network what happens? | substances are exchanged between blood and kidney |
| overall blood flow in the kidney? | abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> lobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> cortical radiate arteries -> afferent arterioles |
| overall blood supply in kidney? | cortical radiate arteries ->arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava |
Created by:
cowcow
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