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World History Unit 1
Ancient History Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neolithic Revolution | The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution. |
| Cultural Hearth | a center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward |
| City-state | A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside |
| Empire | A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler |
| Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land |
| Democracy | a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state. |
| Republic | A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. |
| Divine Right | the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God. |
| Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source |
| Hammurabi's Code | first written code/set of laws that all were expected to obey. |
| Cultural Diffusion | The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another |
| Polytheism | belief in more than one god |
| Monotheism | Belief in one God |
| Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. |
| Moral Philosophy | A set of principles, virtues, and values governing social interactions which sustains accepted fundamental rights for all. Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are like these. |
| Zoroastrianism | One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia. |
| Samsara | the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism |
| Karma | The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life. |
| Dharma | In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties |
| Four Noble Truths | as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism |
| Eightfold Path | In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering |
| Maurya Empire | Indian empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India. Established Buddhism as its state religion and helped it spread. |
| Socratic Method | way of teaching developed by Socrates that used a question-and-answer format to force students to use their reason to see things for themselves |
| Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | Greek philosophers who established much of the basis for Western and Hellenistic philosophy. |
| Alexander the Great | Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Responsible for the development of Hellenism. |
| Hellenism | the diffusion of culture throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquest of Alexander the Great. Merged Greek culture with Persian, Egyptian, and Indian culture and advancements. |
| Confucianism | A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. |
| Civil Service Exams | a test given to qualify candidates for positions in the government |
| Gupta Empire | Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism |
| Migration | movement of people from one place to another |
| Bantu Migrations | (1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture, including metallurgy, farming techniques, and religious traditions. |
| Bureaucracy | A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials |
| Bronze Age Collapse | The end of the Bronze Age civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean around 1200 BCE. Replaced by the Iron Age. |
| Trojan War | 10 year war fought between the Mycenaean Greeks and the city of Troy |
| Social Structure | a pattern of organized relationships among groups of people within a society |
| Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. |
| Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. |
| Census | the official count of a population |
| Patricians | The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era. |
| Plebeians | the common citizens of ancient Rome |
| Lares | guardian spirits of each family in Roman culture |
| Silk Road | Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture. |
| Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy. Model for later Chinese Confucian dynasties. |
| Standardization | defining uniform procedures and standards against which everything else must compare. Example: China standardized currency, measurement, and and writing in the Qin Dynasty, ensuring everyone in the country used the same version. |
| Qin Dynasty | (221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief. Ruled/established by Qin Shi Hunagdi |
| Scholar Official | An educated person who worked in China's government. |
| Buddhism | Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. |
| Mahayana Buddhism | "Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. |
| Bodhisattva | a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment |
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