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exam 3 pathology
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acute tubular necrosis (ATN) | damage to renal tubules due to toxins in the urine; results in oliguria |
| diabetic nephropathy | damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus |
| acute tubular necrosis (ATN) | damage to renal tubules due to toxins in the urine; results in oliguria |
| diabetic nephropathy | damage to glomerular capillaries due to high blood sugar of diabetes mellitus |
| hydronephrosis | distention of renal pelvis due to accumulation of urine in the kidney |
| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the kidney; more permeable to protein and blood cells |
| nepritis | kidney inflammation |
| nephrolithiasis | presence of calculi in the kidney; solidification of salts in the urine |
| nephroma | kidney tumor |
| hydronephrosis | distention of renal pelvis due to accumulation of urine in the kidney |
| nephropathy | general term for presence of kidney disease |
| nepritis | kidney inflammation |
| nephrotic syndrome (NS) | damage to the glomerulus; protein appears in the urine |
| polycystic kidneys | formation of multiple cysts within the kidney; destroys normal kidney tissue |
| nephrolithiasis | presence of calculi in the kidney; solidification of salts in the urine |
| pyelitis | renal pelvis inflammation |
| nephroma | kidney tumor |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney; common type of kidney disease |
| nephropathy | general term for presence of kidney disease |
| nephroptosis | downward displacement of the kidney; floating kidney |
| Wilms' tumor | malignant kidney tumor; most often found in children |
| nephrotic syndrome (NS) | damage to the glomerulus; protein appears in the urine |
| bladder cancer | cancerous tumor arising from cells lining bladder; primary symptom is hematuria |
| polycystic kidneys | formation of multiple cysts within the kidney; destroys normal kidney tissue |
| bladder neck obstruction (BNO) | blockage of bladder outlet; often caused by enlarged prostate gland |
| pyelitis | renal pelvis inflammation |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney; common type of kidney disease |
| renal cell carcinoma | cancerous tumor of renal tubule cells |
| renal failure | inability of kidneys to filter wastes; results in uremia |
| urinary tract infection (UTI) | infection of any organ of urinary system, usually by bacteria; begins with cystitis and may ascend into ureters and kidneys |
| Wilms' tumor | malignant kidney tumor; most often found in children |
| oophoritis | inflammation of an ovary |
| bladder cancer | cancerous tumor arising from cells lining bladder; primary symptom is hematuria |
| ovarian carcinoma | malignant tumor of the ovaries |
| bladder neck obstruction (BNO) | blockage of bladder outlet; often caused by enlarged prostate gland |
| ovarian cyst | cyst that develops in the ovary; may rupture causing pain and bleeding |
| cystitis | urinary bladder inflammation |
| cystocele | protrusion of the urinary bladder into wall of vagina |
| salpingitis | inflammation of a uterine tube |
| interstitial cystitis | inflammation and irritation of bladder |
| cervical cancer | malignant tumor of the cervix |
| neurogenic bladder | loss of nervous control; leads to retention |
| endocervicitis | inflammation occurring within the cervix |
| urinary tract infection (UTI) | infection of any organ of urinary system, usually by bacteria; begins with cystitis and may ascend into ureters and kidneys |
| endometrial cancer | malignant tumor of the lining of the uterus |
| oophoritis | inflammation of an ovary |
| ovarian carcinoma | malignant tumor of the ovaries |
| ovarian cyst | cyst that develops in the ovary; may rupture causing pain and bleeding |
| polycystic ovary syndrome | condition in which many cysts accumulate in the ovaries; in spite of this, patient often fails to ovulate |
| pyosalpinx | presence of pus in a uterine tube |
| salpingitis | inflammation of a uterine tube |
| cervical cancer | malignant tumor of the cervix |
| endocervicitis | inflammation occurring within the cervix |
| endometrial cancer | malignant tumor of the lining of the uterus |
| endometritis | inflammation of the lining of the uterus |
| rectocele | protrusion of the rectum into the vagina |
| fibroid tumor | benign fibrous tumor in the uterus |
| toxic shock syndrome (TSS) | staphylococcus infection occurring in menstruating women; associated with prolonged wear of super-absorbent tampons |
| vaginitis | inflammation of the vagina |
| endometriosis | the appearance of endometrial tissue throughout the pelvis or on the abdominal wall |
| pelvis inflammatory disease (PID) | bacterial infection that has spread through female reproductive tract and out into pelvic cavity |
| perimetritis | inflammation of pelvic cavity around the outside of the uterus |
| hysterorrhexis | rupture of the uterus |
| menometrorrhagia | excessive bleeding during and between menstrual periods |
| premenstrual syndrome (PMS) | group of symptoms appearing just prior to the menstrual period; irritability, headache, tender breasts, and anxiety |
| prolapsed uterus | fallen uterus; may cause the cervix to protrude through vaginal opening |
| candidiasis | yeast infection of mucous membranes lining the vagina |
| eclampsia | convulsions and coma occurring during late stages of pregnancy |
| cystocele | hernia of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina |
| gestational diabetes | Development of diabetes during pregnancy; usually resolves after delivery |
| rectocele | protrusion of the rectum into the vagina |
| toxic shock syndrome (TSS) | staphylococcus infection occurring in menstruating women; associated with prolonged wear of super-absorbent tampons |
| hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) | occurs when a mother is R h negative and her baby is R h positive, mother's antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby's blood |
| vaginitis | inflammation of the vagina |
| endometriosis | the appearance of endometrial tissue throughout the pelvis or on the abdominal wall |
| pelvis inflammatory disease (PID) | bacterial infection that has spread through female reproductive tract and out into pelvic cavity |
| perimetritis | inflammation of pelvic cavity around the outside of the uterus |
| breast cancer | malignant tumor of the breast tissue |
| fibrocystic breast disease | appearance of fibrous tumors in breast tissue |
| lactorrhea | discharge of milk from breast other than normal lactation |
| mastitis | inflammation of a breast |
| abruptio placentae | placenta tears away from the uterine wall prior to delivery of the baby |
| eclampsia | convulsions and coma occurring during late stages of pregnancy |
| gestational diabetes | Development of diabetes during pregnancy; usually resolves after delivery |
| hyperemesis gravidarum | Excessive and severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy; may cause dangerous level of dehydration and weight loss; may require hospitalization |
| hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) | occurs when a mother is R h negative and her baby is R h positive, mother's antibodies cross the placenta and attack the baby's blood |
| infertility | inability to produce children; no pregnancy after properly timed intercourse for one year |
| phenylketonuria | Inherited condition; baby lacks liver enzyme necessary to break down phenylalanine, a molecule found in proteins; results in buildup of phenylalanine in bloodstream and urine; phenylalanine is toxic to the brain |
| testicular torsion | twisting of the spermatic cord |
| preeclampsia | metabolic disease of pregnancy; may result in eclampsia; symptoms include hypertension, headaches, and edema; also called toxemia |
| placenta previa | formation of the placenta low in the uterus that blocks the opening to the birth canal |
| prolapsed umbilical cord | emergence of the umbilical cord from birth canal before the baby; the cord becomes pinched between baby's head and vaginal wall, cutting off the baby’s blood supply |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland; common in older men |
| prostate cancer | malignant tumor of the prostate gland |
| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland |
| pseudocyesis | the body acts as if there is a pregnancy when there is no pregnancy; hormonal changes are common |
| salpingocyesis | pregnancy that occurs in the uterine tube instead of in the uterus |
| spontaneous abortion | unplanned loss of pregnancy early in gestation; commonly called a miscarriage |
| stillbirth | death of a fetus of viable age; occurs shortly before or at time of delivery |
| anorchism | absence of testes |
| cryptorchidism | failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum before birth |
| hydrocele | accumulation of fluid around the testes or along the spermatic cord |
| orchitis | inflammation of one or both testes |
| sterility | inability to father children due to a problem with spermatogenesis |
| testicular carcinoma | malignant tumor of the testes |
| testicular torsion | twisting of the spermatic cord |
| varicocele | enlargement of veins in the spermatic cord; most common in the left side of adolescent males |
| epididymitis | inflammation of the epididymis |
| benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland; common in older men |
| prostate cancer | malignant tumor of the prostate gland |
| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland |
| balanitis | inflammation of the glans penis |
| epispadias | congenital condition; opening of the urethra is on the dorsal surface of the penis |
| erectile dysfunction | inability to engage in sexual intercourse due to inability to maintain an erection |
| hypospadiaas | congenital condition; opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis |
| phimosis | narrowing of prepuce; constricts the glans penis |
| priapism | persistent and painful erection; caused by pathology, not sexual stimulation |
| diabetes mellitus (DM) | A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria; there are two distinct forms—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type 1) and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM, type 2) |
| diabetic retinopathy | Secondary complication of diabetes that affects blood vessels of the retina; includes hemorrhages, tiny aneurysms, swelling of the macula lutea, and cotton wool spots; results in visual changes and potentially blindness |
| insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, type 1) | pancreas stops insulin production; occurs early in life; patient must take daily insulin injections |
| insulinoma | Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas that secretes excessive amount of insulin |
| ketoacidosis | excess of acidic ketone bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus |
| hypothyroidism | hyposecretion of thyroid hormones |
| non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2) | pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin and cells fail to respond; occurs later in life; patient takes oral hypoglycemics and may eventually need insulin injections |
| myxedema | hyposecretion of the thyroid in an adult; symptoms include swollen facial features, edema, anemia, and drowsiness |
| peripheral neuropathy | damage to nerves in lower legs and hands secondary to diabetes mellitus |
| thyrotoxicosis | marked hypersecretion of the thyroid gland; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss |
| acromegaly | chronic hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of the head and extremities |
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) | disorder characterized by dementia, progressive disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory |
| diabetes insipidus (DI) | hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia |
| anencephaly | congenital defect in which parts of the brain do not develop; fatal soon after birth |
| dwarfism | hyposecretion of growth hormone in children; causes short stature |
| astrocytoma | tumor originating in star-shaped neuroglial cells called astrocytes |
| gigantism | hypersecretion of growth hormone in child or adolescent; results in very tall stature |
| brain tumor | benign or malignant intracranial mass; dangerous because it causes pressure |
| hyperpituitarism | hypersecretion of one or more pituitary hormones |
| cerebellitis | inflammation of cerebellum |
| hypopituitarism | hyposecretion of one or more pituitary hormones |
| cerebral aneurysm | localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident |
| panhypopituitarism | hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; causes problems with the glands controlled by the pituitary gland |
| cerebral contusion | bruising of brain from a blow or impact |
| thymitis | inflammation of the thymus gland |
| thumoma | tumor in the thymus gland |
| chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) | characterized by blows to the head that result in progressive degeneration of brain tissue |
| congenital hypothyroidism | congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid hormones causes arrested physical and mental development |
| concussion | mild traumatic brain injury from a blow or impact |
| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| Graves' disease | overactive thyroid; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter |
| epilepsy | seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain |
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis | autoimmune destruction of the thyroid; results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones |
| hydrocephalus | accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles; treated with the creation of an artificial shunt |
| hyperthyroidism | hypersecretion of thyroid hormones |
| migraine | specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea |
| hypothyroidism | hyposecretion of thyroid hormones |
| Parkinson's disease | chronic disorder of brain with fine tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait |
| myxedema | hyposecretion of the thyroid in an adult; symptoms include swollen facial features, edema, anemia, and drowsiness |
| thyrotoxicosis | marked hypersecretion of the thyroid gland; symptoms include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss |
| shaken baby syndrome (SBS) | caused by violent shaking; symptoms include subdural hematoma, brain swelling, and retinal bleeding |
| Alzheimer's disease (AD) | disorder characterized by dementia, progressive disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to aCVA |
| traumatic brain injury | damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | condition of degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig's disease |
| anencephaly | congenital defect in which parts of the brain do not develop; fatal soon after birth |
| myelitis | inflammation of the spinal cord |
| astrocytoma | tumor originating in star-shaped neuroglial cells called astrocytes |
| brain tumor | benign or malignant intracranial mass; dangerous because it causes pressure |
| cerebellitis | inflammation of cerebellum |
| cerebral aneurysm | localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident |
| cerebral contusion | bruising of brain from a blow or impact |
| cerebral palsy (CP) | brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation before, during, or shortly after birth |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | infarct due to loss of blood supply to the brain; commonly called a stroke |
| chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) | characterized by blows to the head that result in progressive degeneration of brain tissue |
| concussion | mild traumatic brain injury from a blow or impact |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| epilepsy | seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain |
| hydrocephalus | accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles; treated with the creation of an artificial shunt |
| migraine | specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea |
| Parkinson's disease | chronic disorder of brain with fine tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait |
| Reye's syndrome | combination of acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection; also associated with aspirin |
| shaken baby syndrome (SBS) | caused by violent shaking; symptoms include subdural hematoma, brain swelling, and retinal bleeding |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to aCVA |
| traumatic brain injury | damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | condition of degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig's disease |
| meningocele | protrusion of the meninges through an opening in the vertebral column |
| myelitis | inflammation of the spinal cord |
| myelomeningocele | protrusion of the meninges and the spinal cord through an opening in the vertebral column |
| poliomyelitis | viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord; paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent |
| spina bifida | congenital defect where laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close to form the spinal canal |
| spinal cord injury (SCI) | damage to spinal cord due to trauma; cord may be bruised (temporary) or severed (permanent) |
| Bell/s palsy | one-sided facial paralysis due to facial nerve inflammation; inflammation is typically viral in nature; most patients recover |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | loss of myelin sheath from nerves; may be autoimmune; begins in the legs and progresses up toward the trunk |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | inflammatory disease of the CNS; causes weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin sheath from nerves; plaques appear |
| myathenia gravis | muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse |
| neuroma | tumor of a nerve or the sheath around a nerve |
| neuropathy | general term for disease of or damage to a nerve |
| polyneuritis | inflammation of two or more nerves |
| radiculitis | inflammation of a nerve root |
| radiculopathy | condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on a nerve root |
| shingles | eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus |
| trigeminal neuralgia | sudden, sharp pain in an area of the face served by the trigeminal cranial nerve; usually caused by pressure on and irritation of the nerve |
| epidural hematoma | mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord |
| meningioma | tumor in the meninges |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges due to viral or bacterial infection |
| subdural hematoma | mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater due a tear in the meninges; can exert fatal pressure on the brain |
| achromatopsia | severe congenital deficiency in color vision; complete color blindness |
| amblyopia | loss of vision not as a result of eye pathology; commonly called lazy eye |
| astigmatism | condition in which light rays are focused unevenly on the retina due to abnormal curvature of the cornea |
| cataract | development of an opaque or cloudy lens, resulting in diminished vision |
| corneal abrasion | scraping injury to the cornea |
| glaucoma | increase in intraocular pressure; can result in atrophy of the optic nerve and blindness |
| hyperopia | condition in which a person can see things in the distance but has trouble reading material at close range; also called farsightedness |
| iritis | inflammation of the iris |
| keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
| legally blind | severely impaired vision; visual acuity of start fraction 20 over 200 end fraction that cannot be improved with corrected lenses or a visual field of less than 20 degrees |
| macular degeneration | deterioration of the macular area of the retina |
| monochromatism | inability to perceive one color |
| myopia | condition in which a person can see clearly up close but not at a distance; also called nearsightedness |
| oculomycosis | fungus infection of the eye |
| retinal detachment | separation of the retina from the choroid layer; this damages blood vessels and nerves and may cause blindness |
| retinitis pigmentosa | progressive disease in which the retina becomes hard, pigmented, and atrophied |
| retinoblastoma | malignant eye tumor occurring in children |
| retinopathy | general term for disease affecting the retina; often related to diabetes and/or high blood pressure |
| scleritis | inflammation of the sclera |
| uveitis | inflammation of the choroid layer of the eye |
| conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually from bacterial infection; also called pink eye |
| pterygium | hypertrophied conjunctival tissue in the inner corner of the eye |
| blepharitis | inflammation of the eyelid |
| chalazion | Small, firm mass formed when an oil gland deep in the eyelid becomes blocked, it may or may not become infected; different from a stye |
| hordeolum | purulent inflammatory infection a sebaceous gland of the eyelid; also called a stye or sty |
| dacryoadenitis | inflammation of the lacrimal gland |
| dacryocystitis | inflammation of the lacrimal sac |
| esotropia (ET) | inward turning of the eye; people with this form of strabismus are sometimes said to be cross-eyed |
| exotropia (XT) | outward turning of the eye; people with this form of strabismus are sometimes said to be wall-eyed |
| strabismus | eye muscle weakness that results in the eyes looking in different directions at same time |
| anacusis | total absence of hearing or the inability to perceive sound; total deafness |
| deafness | inability to hear or having some degree of hearing impairment |
| ceruminosis | excessive accumulation of earwax resulting in a hard wax plug |
| otitis externa (OE) | external ear infection caused by fungus or bacteria; also called otomycosis or swimmer's ear |
| otomycosis | fungal infection of the ear |
| myringitis | inflammation of the tympanic membrane |
| otitis media (OM) | infection of the middle ear with fluid accumulation; fluid may be watery (serous otitis media) or full of pus (purulent otitis media) |
| otosclerosis | loss of mobility of the stapes, leading to progressive hearing loss |
| salpingitis | inflammation of the auditory tube |
| tympanitis | inflammation of the tympanic membrane |
| acoustic neuroma | benign tumor of the eighth cranial nerve sheath; symptoms include tinnitus, headache, dizziness, and progressive hearing loss |
| labyrinthitis | inner ear infection; may cause problems with hearing and equilibrium |
| Meniere's disease | abnormal condition within the labyrinth that can lead to progressive hearing loss; other symptoms include vertigo and tinnitus |
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