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MSK Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| muscular system | System of muscles that move the body's skeleton. |
| Muscle | Body tissue made up of bundles of fibers (long, slender cells) that are held together by connective tissue. |
| voluntary muscles | Controlled consciously |
| involuntary muscles | Controlled unconsciously |
| Skeletal muscle (striated) | Voluntary muscle that is attached to bone and can be contracted or relaxed through conscious control. |
| muscle fibers | Skeletal muscle fibers are long, slender cells grouped and held together with connective tissue and covered with fascia. |
| Smooth muscle (visceral) | Found in organs, regulates internal functions. |
| Cardiac muscle (myocardial) | Found in the heart, pumps blood. |
| fascia | Band or sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses a muscle or group of muscles. |
| automaticity | The ability of a muscle to contract without the involvement of a nerve supply. |
| contractility | The ability of a skeletal muscle to contract (shorten) |
| elasticity | The ability of skeletal muscle fibers to resume their resting length when a stretching force is removed. |
| excitability | The ability of a skeletal muscle to receive and respond to a nerve impulse by contracting. |
| extensibility | The ability of the skeletal muscles to be stretched. |
| origin | The attachment site that does not move when the muscle contracts. |
| insertion | The attachment site that moves during muscular contraction. |
| tendon | Band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone. |
| ligament | Fibrous cord of tissue that attaches bone to bone. |
| endomysium | A fine sheath of areolar connective tissue around each muscle fiber. |
| perimysium | A sheath of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles. |
| epimysium | A dense, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle. |
| antagonist | The muscle that works against this movement. |
| agonist | The muscle that causes the primary movement. |
| abduction | Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. |
| adduction | Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body. |
| inversion | The turning inward of the sole of the foot. |
| eversion | The turning outward of the sole of the foot. |
| elevation | Raising of a body part. |
| depression | Lowering of a body part. |
| flexion | The movement of two body surfaces toward each other, as in the act of bending. |
| extension | The straightening of a limb after it has been flexed. |
| hyperextension | The act of bending a joint or limb beyond normal extension or range of motion. |
| dorsiflexion | Movement of the sole of the foot upward (flexed toward the lower leg). |
| plantar flexion | Motion of the plantar surface (sole of the foot) away from the midline of the body. |
| rotation | Movement of a body part around its longitudinal axis— that is, lengthwise. (Imagine doing "the Twist" with your foot.) |
| medial (internal) rotation | Movement medially, or toward the midline of the body. (Imagine rotating one foot inward, toward the other foot.) |
| lateral (external) rotation | Movement laterally, or away from the midline. (Imagine rotating one foot outward, away from the other.) |
| pronation | Rotational motion of the forearm in which the palm moves to face downward. |
| supination | Rotational motion of the forearm in which the palm moves to face upward. |
| circumduction | Rotation of an arm or leg (as if "drawing a circle" with the limb). This type of motion occurs in multiple planes. |
| frontalis | Forehead muscle. Raises eyebrows; wrinkles forehead. |
| trapezius | Upper back muscle. Extends neck; elevates, adducts, and rotates scapula. |
| deltoid | Shoulder muscle. Abducts, flexes, extends, and rotates arm. |
| pectoralis major | Chest muscle. Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm. |
| triceps brachii | Posterior arm muscle. Extends forearm. |
| biceps brachii | anterior upper arm muscle. Flexes arm and forearm; supinates (rotates) hand. |
| latissimus dorsi | Back muscle. Extends, adducts, and rotates arm. |
| abdominal muscles | Stomach muscles. Flex and rotate trunk. |
| gluteus medius | Hip muscle. Adducts and rotates thigh. |
| gluteus maximus | Buttock muscle. Extends and rotates thigh. |
| Sartorius | Anterior thigh (crosses thigh obliquely). Flexes and rotates thigh; flexes leg |
| biceps femoris (hamstring) | Posterior thigh. Extends thigh; flexes and rotates leg. |
| rectus femoris (quadricep) | Anterior thigh. Flexes thigh; extends leg. |
| gastrocnemius | Calf muscle. Flexes foot and leg. |
| tibialis anterior | Shin(anterior lower leg) muscle. Dorsiflexes and inverts foot. |
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