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4.1-4.5 Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cartography | mapmaking |
| maritime | sea travel |
| astronomical chart | map of stars and galaxies |
| caravel | large, sturdy Chinese ship used in long-distance trade |
| astrolabe | astronomical instrument that calculates the position of stars |
| Mercantilism | economic policy aimed at accumulating wealth through colonies |
| Hacienda | large estate where both Indigenous peoples and enslaved Africans worked on a plantation |
| Conquistadors | Spanish colonizers and conquerors |
| Encomienda | Spanish labor system that gave colonists control over Indigenous labor in exchange for protection, similar to feudalism |
| Indentured Servitude | labor system where people worked to repay a debt |
| Chattel Slavery | form of forced labor where people (mostly Africans) were treated as property to be bought and sold |
| Plantation | land where crops such as sugar and tobacco were cultivated |
| Mit'a System | communal labor system used by Incans -- later used as a coercive labor system for mining |
| Silver | resource at the center of the mit'a system |
| Trading Posts | small settlements established for trading -- in this period, mostly in Africa and coastal locations along the Indian Ocean trade route |
| Aztec Empire | Indigenous civilization in Mexico |
| Inca Empire | Indigenous civilization in S America (along where modern-day Chile is) |
| Asante Empire and Kingdom of the Kongo | African states that participated in trade with Europeans |
| Japan and China | Asian states that did NOT want to trade with Europeans and other foreign countries |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquistador that conquered the Incas |
| Hernan Cortes | conquistador that conquered the Aztecs |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | agreement between the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal that divided the world outside of Europe between the two countries |
| Middle Passage | journey African slaves took across the Atlantic Ocean |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | long-running slave trade where Africans were sold to buyers in the Americas |
| capital | money available to make more money |
| Commercial Revolution | transition of empires towards trade-based economies using gold and silver |
| Price Revolution | period of high inflation in the 16th and 17th century |
| joint-stock companies | companies where people that invest capital in return for profits |
| limited liability | principle that investors are not responsible for a company's debts beyond how much money they put in |
| British and Dutch East India Companys | successful joint stock companies |
| Triangular Trade | complex Atlantic trading system which traded raw goods, manufactured goods, run, enslaved Africans, and more |
| monopoly | exclusive possession or control of something |
| Dahomey, Oyo | African societies that became richer from selling African captives to Europeans |
| polygamy | men marrying more than one wife |
| viceroys | administrators appointed to represent Spain |
| audiencias | royal courts that Spanish settlers could go to, to appeal viceroys' decisions (acted as a check/balance to viceroys) |
| creoles | Spanish peoples born in America |
| religious syncretism | combining of different religious beliefs |
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