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Structure & function
Uni of Notts, fundamentals of neuroscience, first year
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Golgi's reticular theory (syncytium) | Nervous system is 1 constant chain of fused neural cells with many nuclei which communicate via continuity - This is wrong |
| Cajal's neurone doctrine | Nervous system made of individual neurones separated by small gaps (synapses) which communicate via chemical contact - This is right |
| 3 microtubules which make up neuronal cytoskeleton | Tubulin - 20nm wide Neurofilament - 10nm wide Microfilament - 5nm wide |
| Structure & formation of an axon | Starts as an axon hillock branching from the cell body then branching into axon collaterals. Has no organelles, only axoplasm |
| Transport of substances within the axon | All proteins & ATP are transported from soma to terminal (anteriograde) using kinesin on microtubules & cytoplasmic dynein transporting materials in the other (retrograde) direction |
| Axonal convergence Axonal divergence | Many terminals at dendrites of 1 neurone Each terminal at the dendrite of a different neurone |
| How membrane potential is recorded | An electrode is inserted into the neurone and is calculated as the potential of the inside minus the potential of the outside |
| Reasons why membrane potential is recorded (5) | Maintains osmolarity Action, receptor, & post-synaptic potentials Energy source for transmembrane proteins Affects call prolifer |
| Reversal potential | Nernstian membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane due to its unique electrochemical gradient, represented as Ex/mV |
| Nernst equation: | Ex = RT/ZF.log10([x]o/[x]i) x = ion of interest R = gas constant/8.314 T = temperature/K Z = valence of ion F = faraday's constant/ (96,000 coulomb/mol-1) [x]o = extracellular ion concentration [x]i = intracellular ion concentration |
| Nernstian cells + example | Cells with a membrane permeable to only 1 type of ion, for these the membrane potential equals the reversal potential (Em = Ex) An example would be an astrocyte which is only permeable to K+ |
| Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) equation: membrane potential for non-Nernstian cells | Em = RT/F.ln((ΣPx[x+]o + ΣPy[y-]i)/(ΣPx[x+]i + ΣPy[y-]o)) Em = membrane potential R = gas constant T = temperature F = Faraday's constant P = permeability of the membrane to each ion type ( e.g., Py/Px) |
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Beech47
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