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BMP
Biochemical Molecules and Processes - Vitamins, Coenzymes + Ions PT1 - 14/10/24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cofactor? | non protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is bound to a protein and is required for proteins biological activity |
| what is a non protein chemical compound or metallic ion bound to a protein and is required for protein's biological activity | cofactor |
| what do coenzymes act as? | group transfer reagents |
| group transfer reagent? | coenzymes |
| metabolite coenzymes? | synthesised from common metabolites |
| vitamin derived coenzymes? | derivatives of vitamins |
| ATP acts as what? | metabolite coenzyme |
| why does ATP act as a metabolite coenzyme? | participates in various metabolic processes and facilitates biochemical reactions |
| what can ATP do? | store and transport chemical energy donate phosphate groups via phosphorylation couple exergonic and endergonic reactions |
| exergonic reaction? | energy released to surroundings |
| vitamins? | essential for normal growth and development required in tiny amounts |
| why must vitamins be supplied in diet? | cannot be synthesised in mammalian cells |
| vitamins are required for what? | coenzyme synthesis |
| how are most vitamins transformed to the coenzyme | enzymatically transformed |
| deficit of vitamins? | result in correspondent coenzyme resulting in disease |
| vitamins have what in the metabolic reactions? | catalytic functions (cofactors) |
| vitamins have catalytic functions (cofactors) in metabolic reaction and do not what? | do not act as building substrates |
| vitamins have specific what? | specific functions in metabolism |
| vitamin A? | vision growth repair of body tissues |
| vitamin D? | calcium and phosphorus metabolism and absoprtion |
| vitamin E? | protects red blood cells |
| vitamin K? | blood clotting proteins, calcium metabolism |
| thiamin? | coenzyme for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A |
| riboflavin? | coenzymes helping to form FMNH2 and FADH2 |
| niacin? | coenzymes NAD and NADPH are involved with 100s of enzymes involved in metabolism of carbs |
| patothenic acid? | coenzyme in energy metabolism important in formation of acetyl CoA incolved in TCA cycle to release energy |
| thiamine? | B1 |
| riboflavin | B2 |
| niacin | B3 |
| panthotenic acid | B5 |
| pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine? | B6 |
| biotin / vitamin H? | B7 |
| folic acid? | B9 |
| cyanocobalamin? | B12 |
| vit c? | ascorbic acid |
| vit A? | retinol retinal retinoic acid |
| vit d3? | cholecalciferol |
| vit d2? | ergocalciferol |
| vit e? | alpha tocopherol |
| vit k1? | phylloquinones |
| vit k2? | menaquinones |
| fat soluble vitamins? | A, D2,D3, E, K1,K2 |
| water soluble vitamins? | B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12 |
| water soluble vitamins? | absorbed directly into bloodstream via AT or FD primarily absorbed in intestine readily excreted from body not readily stored, consistent daily intake important |
| water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly where? | bloodstream |
| water soluble vitamins require regular intake why? | not readily stored and are readily excreted from body |
| fat soluble vitamins are incorporated where? | micelles using bile acids |
| where do micelles transport fat soluble vitamins? | intestinal cells |
| what happens to fat soluble vitamins transported into the intestinal cells using micelles | absorbed in intestinal cells |
| when the fat soluble vitamins are absorbed into intestinal cells they are packaged as what? | chylomicrons |
| chylomicrons are too large to enter what? | capillaries |
| as chylomicrons are too large to enter chylomicrons where are they delivered? | lymphatic system |
| where are the chylomicrons stored? | liver and adipose tissue |
| chylomicrons are not what? | not readily excreted from body |
| how can accumulation of toxic quanntities of vitamin A and D occur? | excessive consumption |
| chylomicrons? | protein coated lipid found in absorptive cell of small intestine |
| micelle? | bile coated lipid droplets in lumen of small intestine |
| vitamin disease? | disease caused by chronic long term vitamin deficieny |
| avitaminosis? | condition caused by complete deficiency in one or more vitamins |
| hypovitaminosis? | state of partial deficiency |
| cofactor? | non protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is bound to a protein and is required for proteins biological activity |
| what is a non protein chemical compound or metallic ion bound to a protein and is required for protein's biological activity | cofactor |
| what do coenzymes act as? | group transfer reagents |
| group transfer reagent? | coenzymes |
| metabolite coenzymes? | synthesised from common metabolites |
| vitamin derived coenzymes? | derivatives of vitamins |
| ATP acts as what? | metabolite coenzyme |
| why does ATP act as a metabolite coenzyme? | participates in various metabolic processes and facilitates biochemical reactions |
| what can ATP do? | store and transport chemical energy donate phosphate groups via phosphorylation couple exergonic and endergonic reactions |
| exergonic reaction? | energy released to surroundings |
| vitamins? | essential for normal growth and development required in tiny amounts |
| why must vitamins be supplied in diet? | cannot be synthesised in mammalian cells |
| vitamins are required for what? | coenzyme synthesis |
| how are most vitamins transformed to the coenzyme | enzymatically transformed |
| deficit of vitamins? | result in correspondent coenzyme resulting in disease |
| vitamins have what in the metabolic reactions? | catalytic functions (cofactors) |
| vitamins have catalytic functions (cofactors) in metabolic reaction and do not what? | do not act as building substrates |
| vitamins have specific what? | specific functions in metabolism |
| vitamin A? | vision growth repair of body tissues |
| vitamin D? | calcium and phosphorus metabolism and absoprtion |
| vitamin E? | protects red blood cells |
| vitamin K? | blood clotting proteins, calcium metabolism |
| thiamin? | coenzyme for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A |
| riboflavin? | coenzymes helping to form FMNH2 and FADH2 |
| niacin? | coenzymes NAD and NADPH are involved with 100s of enzymes involved in metabolism of carbs |
| patothenic acid? | coenzyme in energy metabolism important in formation of acetyl CoA incolved in TCA cycle to release energy |
| thiamine? | B1 |
| riboflavin | B2 |
| niacin | B3 |
| panthotenic acid | B5 |
| pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine? | B6 |
| biotin / vitamin H? | B7 |
| folic acid? | B9 |
| cyanocobalamin? | B12 |
| vit c? | ascorbic acid |
| vit A? | retinol retinal retinoic acid |
| vit d3? | cholecalciferol |
| vit d2? | ergocalciferol |
| vit e? | alpha tocopherol |
| vit k1? | phylloquinones |
| vit k2? | menaquinones |
| fat soluble vitamins? | A, D2,D3, E, K1,K2 |
| water soluble vitamins? | B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12 |
| water soluble vitamins? | absorbed directly into bloodstream via AT or FD primarily absorbed in intestine readily excreted from body not readily stored, consistent daily intake important |
| water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly where? | bloodstream |
| water soluble vitamins require regular intake why? | not readily stored and are readily excreted from body |
| fat soluble vitamins are incorporated where? | micelles using bile acids |
| where do micelles transport fat soluble vitamins? | intestinal cells |
| what happens to fat soluble vitamins transported into the intestinal cells using micelles | absorbed in intestinal cells |
| when the fat soluble vitamins are absorbed into intestinal cells they are packaged as what? | chylomicrons |
| chylomicrons are too large to enter what? | capillaries |
| as chylomicrons are too large to enter chylomicrons where are they delivered? | lymphatic system |
| where are the chylomicrons stored? | liver and adipose tissue |
| chylomicrons are not what? | not readily excreted from body |
| how can accumulation of toxic quanntities of vitamin A and D occur? | excessive consumption |
| chylomicrons? | protein coated lipid found in absorptive cell of small intestine |
| micelle? | bile coated lipid droplets in lumen of small intestine |
| vitamin disease? | disease caused by chronic long term vitamin deficieny |
| avitaminosis? | condition caused by complete deficiency in one or more vitamins |
| hypovitaminosis? | state of partial deficiency of one or more vitamins which could lead to various health issues |
| hypervitaminosis? | develops upon only prolonged use of excessive amount of vitamins |
| hypervitaminosis A? | often result from excessive high dose animal liver consumption leading to nausea headache and potential liver damage |
| vitamin b6 toxicity? | typically from excessive and vitamin B6 supplements leading to nerve damage causing numbness and difficulty walking |
| avitaminosis/ hypovitaminosis? | any disease caused by chronic or long-term vitamin deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion |
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