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BMP

Biochemical Molecules and Processes - Vitamins, Coenzymes + Ions PT1 - 14/10/24

QuestionAnswer
cofactor? non protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is bound to a protein and is required for proteins biological activity
what is a non protein chemical compound or metallic ion bound to a protein and is required for protein's biological activity cofactor
what do coenzymes act as? group transfer reagents
group transfer reagent? coenzymes
metabolite coenzymes? synthesised from common metabolites
vitamin derived coenzymes? derivatives of vitamins
ATP acts as what? metabolite coenzyme
why does ATP act as a metabolite coenzyme? participates in various metabolic processes and facilitates biochemical reactions
what can ATP do? store and transport chemical energy donate phosphate groups via phosphorylation couple exergonic and endergonic reactions
exergonic reaction? energy released to surroundings
vitamins? essential for normal growth and development required in tiny amounts
why must vitamins be supplied in diet? cannot be synthesised in mammalian cells
vitamins are required for what? coenzyme synthesis
how are most vitamins transformed to the coenzyme enzymatically transformed
deficit of vitamins? result in correspondent coenzyme resulting in disease
vitamins have what in the metabolic reactions? catalytic functions (cofactors)
vitamins have catalytic functions (cofactors) in metabolic reaction and do not what? do not act as building substrates
vitamins have specific what? specific functions in metabolism
vitamin A? vision growth repair of body tissues
vitamin D? calcium and phosphorus metabolism and absoprtion
vitamin E? protects red blood cells
vitamin K? blood clotting proteins, calcium metabolism
thiamin? coenzyme for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A
riboflavin? coenzymes helping to form FMNH2 and FADH2
niacin? coenzymes NAD and NADPH are involved with 100s of enzymes involved in metabolism of carbs
patothenic acid? coenzyme in energy metabolism important in formation of acetyl CoA incolved in TCA cycle to release energy
thiamine? B1
riboflavin B2
niacin B3
panthotenic acid B5
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine? B6
biotin / vitamin H? B7
folic acid? B9
cyanocobalamin? B12
vit c? ascorbic acid
vit A? retinol retinal retinoic acid
vit d3? cholecalciferol
vit d2? ergocalciferol
vit e? alpha tocopherol
vit k1? phylloquinones
vit k2? menaquinones
fat soluble vitamins? A, D2,D3, E, K1,K2
water soluble vitamins? B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12
water soluble vitamins? absorbed directly into bloodstream via AT or FD primarily absorbed in intestine readily excreted from body not readily stored, consistent daily intake important
water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly where? bloodstream
water soluble vitamins require regular intake why? not readily stored and are readily excreted from body
fat soluble vitamins are incorporated where? micelles using bile acids
where do micelles transport fat soluble vitamins? intestinal cells
what happens to fat soluble vitamins transported into the intestinal cells using micelles absorbed in intestinal cells
when the fat soluble vitamins are absorbed into intestinal cells they are packaged as what? chylomicrons
chylomicrons are too large to enter what? capillaries
as chylomicrons are too large to enter chylomicrons where are they delivered? lymphatic system
where are the chylomicrons stored? liver and adipose tissue
chylomicrons are not what? not readily excreted from body
how can accumulation of toxic quanntities of vitamin A and D occur? excessive consumption
chylomicrons? protein coated lipid found in absorptive cell of small intestine
micelle? bile coated lipid droplets in lumen of small intestine
vitamin disease? disease caused by chronic long term vitamin deficieny
avitaminosis? condition caused by complete deficiency in one or more vitamins
hypovitaminosis? state of partial deficiency
cofactor? non protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is bound to a protein and is required for proteins biological activity
what is a non protein chemical compound or metallic ion bound to a protein and is required for protein's biological activity cofactor
what do coenzymes act as? group transfer reagents
group transfer reagent? coenzymes
metabolite coenzymes? synthesised from common metabolites
vitamin derived coenzymes? derivatives of vitamins
ATP acts as what? metabolite coenzyme
why does ATP act as a metabolite coenzyme? participates in various metabolic processes and facilitates biochemical reactions
what can ATP do? store and transport chemical energy donate phosphate groups via phosphorylation couple exergonic and endergonic reactions
exergonic reaction? energy released to surroundings
vitamins? essential for normal growth and development required in tiny amounts
why must vitamins be supplied in diet? cannot be synthesised in mammalian cells
vitamins are required for what? coenzyme synthesis
how are most vitamins transformed to the coenzyme enzymatically transformed
deficit of vitamins? result in correspondent coenzyme resulting in disease
vitamins have what in the metabolic reactions? catalytic functions (cofactors)
vitamins have catalytic functions (cofactors) in metabolic reaction and do not what? do not act as building substrates
vitamins have specific what? specific functions in metabolism
vitamin A? vision growth repair of body tissues
vitamin D? calcium and phosphorus metabolism and absoprtion
vitamin E? protects red blood cells
vitamin K? blood clotting proteins, calcium metabolism
thiamin? coenzyme for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A
riboflavin? coenzymes helping to form FMNH2 and FADH2
niacin? coenzymes NAD and NADPH are involved with 100s of enzymes involved in metabolism of carbs
patothenic acid? coenzyme in energy metabolism important in formation of acetyl CoA incolved in TCA cycle to release energy
thiamine? B1
riboflavin B2
niacin B3
panthotenic acid B5
pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine? B6
biotin / vitamin H? B7
folic acid? B9
cyanocobalamin? B12
vit c? ascorbic acid
vit A? retinol retinal retinoic acid
vit d3? cholecalciferol
vit d2? ergocalciferol
vit e? alpha tocopherol
vit k1? phylloquinones
vit k2? menaquinones
fat soluble vitamins? A, D2,D3, E, K1,K2
water soluble vitamins? B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12
water soluble vitamins? absorbed directly into bloodstream via AT or FD primarily absorbed in intestine readily excreted from body not readily stored, consistent daily intake important
water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly where? bloodstream
water soluble vitamins require regular intake why? not readily stored and are readily excreted from body
fat soluble vitamins are incorporated where? micelles using bile acids
where do micelles transport fat soluble vitamins? intestinal cells
what happens to fat soluble vitamins transported into the intestinal cells using micelles absorbed in intestinal cells
when the fat soluble vitamins are absorbed into intestinal cells they are packaged as what? chylomicrons
chylomicrons are too large to enter what? capillaries
as chylomicrons are too large to enter chylomicrons where are they delivered? lymphatic system
where are the chylomicrons stored? liver and adipose tissue
chylomicrons are not what? not readily excreted from body
how can accumulation of toxic quanntities of vitamin A and D occur? excessive consumption
chylomicrons? protein coated lipid found in absorptive cell of small intestine
micelle? bile coated lipid droplets in lumen of small intestine
vitamin disease? disease caused by chronic long term vitamin deficieny
avitaminosis? condition caused by complete deficiency in one or more vitamins
hypovitaminosis? state of partial deficiency of one or more vitamins which could lead to various health issues
hypervitaminosis? develops upon only prolonged use of excessive amount of vitamins
hypervitaminosis A? often result from excessive high dose animal liver consumption leading to nausea headache and potential liver damage
vitamin b6 toxicity? typically from excessive and vitamin B6 supplements leading to nerve damage causing numbness and difficulty walking
avitaminosis/ hypovitaminosis? any disease caused by chronic or long-term vitamin deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion
Created by: cowcow
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