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Body Structure:
Body Structure and Processes - Axial Skeleton PT2 - 7/10/24
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the vertebral foramen? | cavity that houses the spinal cord |
| what does the adjacent foramina create? | spinal column |
| vertebral body? | forms bulk of vertebra and carries the majority of weight |
| where is the vertebral arch located? | posteriorly to the foramen |
| what is the roof of the vertebral arch called? | lamina |
| lamina? | roof of the vertebral arch |
| pedicles? | walls of the vertebral arch |
| what are the walls of the vertebral arch called? | pedicles |
| where are transverse processes? | cervical only |
| describe the transverse processes | protrude laterally from vertebral arch/ pedicles providing a large SA for muscle attachment |
| spinous process? | protrudes posteriorly from vertebral arch creates bumps on spine |
| what creates the bumps on the spine? | spinous process |
| superior articular processes? | occurs at junction of pedicles and lamina each vertebra has 2 superior and two inferior point of connection between vertebrae |
| where does the articular processes occur? | at junction of pedicles and lamina |
| how many articular processes does each vertebra have? | 2 superior and 2 inferior |
| how many features does the cervical vertebrae have? | 4 |
| features of the cervical vertebrae? | oval and concave vertebral body large vertebral foramen additional transverse foramina for blood vessels to the brain spinous process has a v shaped tip |
| what shape is the spinous process in the cervical vertebrae? | v shaped tip |
| shapes of the vertebral body in the cervical vertebrae? | oval and concave |
| describe the size of the vertebral foramen in the cervical vertebrae? | large |
| what is large in the cervical vertebrae? | vertebral foramen |
| what is the additional transverse foramina for? | for blood vessels to the brain |
| C1? | atlas |
| what does C1 do? | articulates with occipital bone connection facilitates nodding |
| what does the atlas articulate with? | occipital bone |
| what does the occipital bone articulate with? | atlas |
| C2? | axis |
| what does C2 do? | has additional process called a dens which facilitates rotation (head shaking) |
| what is the additional process on axis called? | dens |
| what does the dens facilitate? | rotation (head shaking) |
| what happens inferiorly from T1? | spinal column width decreases vertebral foramina size decreases vertebral bodies size increases |
| describe the width in the spinal column and vertebral foramina inferiorly from T1? | decrease |
| describe the vertebral bodies size inferiorly from T1 | increase |
| features of thoracic vertebrae? | heart shaped vertebral body thin spinous process costal facets to articulate with ribs |
| describe the shape of the vertebral body in the thoracic vertebrae | heart shaped |
| describe the spinous process in the thoracic vertebrae | thin |
| why does the thoracic vertebrae have costal facets? | to articulate with ribs |
| how does the thoracic vertebrae articulate to ribs? | have costal facets |
| lumbar vertebrae? | support the most weight and operate as shock absorbers |
| which vertebrae acts as shock absorbers and supports the most weight? | lumbar vertebrae |
| features of the lumbar vertebrae? | thick and oval vertebral body large and thick spinous process sharp transverse processes |
| describe the vertebral body in the lumbar vertebrae | thick and oval |
| describe the spinous processes in the lumbar vertebrae | large and thick |
| describe the transverse processes in the lumbar vertebrae | sharp |
| when do sacral crests form? | during fusion |
| functions of the sacrum? | protects reproductive digestive and secretory organs attaches axial and appendicular skeletons via pelvic girdle provides SA for muscle attachment for leg movement |
| what does the sacrum protect? | reproductive digestive and secretory organs |
| what does the sacrum attach? | axial and appendicular skeletons via the pelvic girdle |
| how does the axial and appendicular skeletons attach in the sacrum? | via pelvic girdle |
| what is the surface area on the sacrum for? | muscle attachment for leg movement |
| coccyx? | provide SA for muscles that control anal opening |
| what has SA for muscles that control anal opening? | coccyx |
| intervertebral discs? | sit between vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae functioning as shock absorbers and joints |
| where do vertebral discs sit? | between the vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae |
| what do intervertebral discs function as? | shock absorbers and joints |
| how many layers do the intervertebral discs have? | 2 |
| what is the external layer of intervertebral disc? | annulus fibrous |
| annulus fibrous? | external fibrocartilage layer |
| what is the internal layer of the intervertebral disc made of? | glycoproteins |
| what is the internal layer of the intervertebral disc? | nucleus pulposus |
| what happens during aging to the nucleus pulposus? | dehydrates and becomes more similar to the annulus fibrous |
| what happens when an intervertebral disc becomes misshapen? | can pinch a nerve and cause excruciating pain |
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cowcow
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