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Anatomy & Physiology
Module 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Introduction to the Cell | -Cells are the smallest living unit of life, composed of four elemts ; oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. -Only seen under a microscope -Human cells are Eukaryotic (they have a nucleus) -Cells duplicate through mitosis |
| Main Parts of the Cell (three main regions or parts): | 1. Plasma Membrane - Cell membrane 2. Cytoplasm (organelles) 3. Nucles |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. |
| Plasma Membrane Facts | -Forms outer flexible boundary of the cell -Function to separate inside the cell from outside the cell -Plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilaryer (Two layers) -Different proteins (regulates whate comes in and out of the cell) |
| Movement in the Membrane | The plasma membrane continuously allows substaneces to enter and leave the cell such as water, foods, gases, wastes. |
| Two Processes that allow mass movement of substances in and out of the cells are: | 1. Passive Transport 2. Active Transport |
| Active Transport | When molecules move across the cell membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration consisting of cellular energy |
| Active transport is used by cells to: | Accumulate needed molecules such as glucose and aminoacids |
| Active transport powered by: | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known as primary active transport |
| Phagocytosis | Cellular eating |
| Phagocytosis is the active process in which: | A cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle This process is often seen with our white blood cells to estory invading bacteria. |
| Pinocytosis | Cellular drinking |
| Another active transport mechanism used to pull fluids or dissolved substances into the cells. | Pinocytosis |
| Passive Transport | Movement of a solute from a region of high concentration potential on one side of the cell membrane to a region of lower concentration on the opposite side |
| Diffusion | The movement of solutes from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, leading to the equalization of solutes. |
| Osmosis | Similar to diffusion, instead of moving solutes to an area of lower concentration; osmosis is the movement of fluid from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration with the goal of equalizing the solute concentrations. |
| Filtration | The movement of water and solutes from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure |
| Cytoplasm | A water, gel-like substance made of mostly salt and water; provides structure for the cell parts so they can move freely within the cell membrane |
| There are several structures called ORGANELLES within the: | Cytoplasm, they each have an important function. |
| Organelles in the Cytoplasm | -Mitochondria, ribosome |
| Mitochondria | The powerhouse of the cell, its is responsible for creating ATP> AKA a molecule that carries energy within the cells assisting in active transport. |
| Ribosomes | Protein factories, found floating freely in the cytoplasm. Sometimes attach themselves to other organelles called the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| RNA | Ribosomes contain RNA (ribonucleic acid) which acts as a messenger carrying instructions from the DNA for controlling the synthesis for proteins. |
| Nucleus | Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (growth and metabolism, etc.) and carries the genes, (genetic code/DNA) structures that contain the hereditary information |
| Inside the Nucleus | Stores the cell's genetic code (in the form of DNA) |
| DNA | Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecules of DNA are organized into special structures called chromosomes (46 pairs in humans) |
| Sections of DNA | Called genes, which hold hereditary information such as eye color and height. |
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CherryBombs1500
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