Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
HIV
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Virus | Attacks a host cell & implants its own DNA into that host cell & can reproduce itself |
| HIV retrovirus | Attacks CD4 cells & implants its own RNA into host cell. Through action of reverse transcription, HIV RNA is converted back to its own DNA, enabling it to reproduce itself |
| Granulocytes | 1. Neutrophils - first responder + form pus 2. Eosinophil - deal with parasitic & allergic infections 3. Basophils - responsible for allergic reactions + release histamine |
| Agranulocytes | 1. Monocytes 2. Lymphocytes |
| Monocytes function | - Phagocytose pathogens - Present a piece of pathogens to T cells (AB response) - Leave circulation & enter tissue as macrophages |
| Lymphocytes | - Common in lymphatic circulation - 2 main types: * T helper cells (CD4) & killer T cells (CD8) * B - in circulation known as plasma cells. Produce specific AB against specific pathogens |
| Helper T-cells (CD4) | - No phagocytizing action (can't kill infected cells) - Respond to macrophages (monocytes in tissues) - Stimulate killer T-cells (CD8) - Stimulate B lymphocytes to produce specific AB - B lymphocytes become "plasma cells" (factories for AB) |
| If CD4 cells are destroyed | Entire immune system is crippled |
| Killer T-cells (CD8) | Find & destroy infected cells. Tell difference between healthy & infected cells. Healthy cells have a "self ag" on membrane that let "T" cells know they aren't invaders. Cell is invaded by intruder pieces of ag on cell membrane - killer T cells to attack |
| Suppressor T cells | Produce chemical that "turn off" other immune system cells when an infection has been brought under control |
| Name the HIV enzymes | - Reverse transcriptase - Integrase - Protease |
| Reverse transcriptase | Allows a single strand of RNA to be copied to become DNA |
| Integrase | Enables its genetic material to be integrated into DNA of infected cell |
| Protease | Snips protein once they have formed new viruses |
| Can't get HIV from | - Kissing - Hugging - Sharing food - Insect bites - Toilet seats - Bathing - Sneezes + cough - Sweat |
| To become infected with HIV | Infected blood, semen/ vaginal secretions must enter body |
| Transmission for HIV | - Unprotected sexual intercourse - Blood transfusion + organ transplants - Sharing needles (drug abuse) - Mother to child - Occupational exposure |
| Unprotected intercourse transmission | ◦ Unprotected sex with an infected partner whose blood/semen/vaginal secretions enter body ◦ Virus can enter body through mouth sores/small tears that sometimes develop in rectum/vagina during sexual activity |
| Blood transfusion + organ transplant transmission | ◦ Stringent screening of blood products in SA has reduced this risk significantly |
| Sharing needles (drug abuse) transmission | ◦ HIV can be transmitted through needles & syringes contaminated with infected blood ◦ Sharing intravenous drug paraphernalia ◦ Some countries have implemented needle exchange programs |
| Mother to child transmission | ◦ Infected mothers can infect their babies during pregnancy/delivery/through breast-feeding ◦ If women receive treatment for HIV infection during pregnancy, risk to their babies is significantly reduced |
| Occupational exposure transmission | ◦ Exposure through needlestick injury & per mucosal exposure is always a risk in health professions ◦ Compulsory use of safety protocols & PPE has lessened this risk |
| Risk factors for HIV transmission | ◦ Unprotected sex ◦ STD's (venereal diseases) ◦ Intravenous drug users ◦ Uncircumcised men |
| Explain unprotected sex as a risk factor | ◦ Having sex without using a new condom every time ◦ Anal sex is riskier than is vaginal sex ◦ Risk increases if one has multiple sexual partner |
| Explain STDs as a risk factor | ◦ Mainly passed from one person to another during unprotected sex/when there is sexual contact that involves contact of genitals ◦ These infections may be spread through vaginal, anal & oral sex |
| Explain intravenous drug users as a risk factor | ◦ Share needles & syringes ◦ This exposes them to droplets of other people's blood ◦ Drug injection has most risks by far as it bypasses body's natural filtering mechanisms against viruses, bacteria & foreign objects |
| Explain uncircumcised men as a risk factor | |
| Those most at risk for HIV | ◦ Young women (15-30 yrs) ◦ Sexually active men & women ◦ Mine workers ◦ Transport workers ◦ Sex workers/ transgender ◦ Drug users ◦ Anal sex practice |
| Window period | Time of initial infection until detectable AB are isolated in infected person's blood |
| Seroconversion | Process by which body converts from HIV negative to HIV positive |
| Prevention: Sexual transmission | ◦ Abstain from sex ◦ Delay 1st sexual experience ◦ Use condoms ◦ Faithful to 1 partner ◦ Sex education ◦ Treating STIs |
| Obstacles to sexual transmission prevention | ◦ Sexual behavior ◦ Sex education ◦ Sero-discordant couples ◦ Marginalization |
| Explain sexual behavior as an obstacle to sexual transmission prevention | ◦ Youth don’t want to practice abstinence ◦ Condoms associated with lack of trust ◦ Woman in male dominant communities - not able to negotiate use of condoms |
| Explain sex education as an obstacle to sexual transmission prevention | ◦ Difficult to discuss sex openly ◦ Pre-marital sex, condoms, homosexuality are taboo in many cultures |
| Explain sero-discordant couples as an obstacle to sexual transmission prevention | ◦ Compelled to have unprotected sex in to have children |
| Explain marginalization as an obstacle to sexual transmission prevention | ◦ Government not willing to allocate resources to risk groups such as sex workers & homosexuals ◦ Cultural resistance to safer circumcision procedures |
| Mother to child transmission | - Pregnancy - Birth - Breastfeeding |
| Explain pregnancy as a mother to child transmission | ◦ A course of anti-retroviral drugs given to her during pregnancy & labor as well as to her newborn baby can greatly reduce the chances of the child becoming infected |
| Explain birth as a mother to child transmission | ◦ A caesarean section reduces baby’s exposure to mother’s body fluids ◦ This procedure lowers risk of HIV transmission ◦ Recommended if mother has a high level of HIV in her blood, & if benefit to her baby outweighs risk of intervention |
| Explain breastfeeding as a mother to child transmission | ◦ Mothers should not breastfeed, but if only option then they can ◦ No safe water = risk life-threatening conditions from replacement from feeding may be greater than risk from breastfeeding |
| CD4 count | Number of helper T cells in infected person |
| Viral load | Number of virions detected in infected person |
| Skin symptoms of HIV | ◦ Varicella Zoster (shingles) ◦ Herpes simplex virus (HSV) ◦ Kaposi's sarcoma |
| Oral health symptoms of HIV | ◦ Candidiasis ◦ Gum disease ◦ Herpes simplex |
| Neurological symptoms of HIV | ◦ Dementia ◦ Viral infections (cytomegalovirus) ◦ Fungal infections (cryptococcal meningitis) ◦ Neuropathy ◦ Vacuolar myelopathy ◦ Neurosyphilis ◦ Anxiety disorders & depression |
| Opportunistic infections of HIV | ◦ TB ◦ Salmonellosis ◦ CMV ◦ Cryptococcal meningitis |
| Explain TB as a HIV opportunistic infection | ◦ Most common opportunistic infection & a leading cause of death among people living with AIDS |
| Explain salmonellosis as a HIV opportunistic infection | ◦ From contaminated food/water ◦ Symptoms include severe diarrhea, fever, chills, abdominal pain & vomiting |
| Explain CMV as a HIV opportunistic infection | ◦ Herpes virus is transmitted in body fluids (saliva, blood, urine, semen & breast milk) ◦ Healthy immune system keeps virus dormant in body ◦ If immune system weakens, virus resurfaces, causing damage to eyes/digestive tract/lungs/other organs |
| Explain cryptococcal meningistis as a HIV opportunistic infection | ◦ Common CNS infection caused by a fungus that is present in soil |
| Personal implications on a HIV infected person | ◦ Anger ◦ Denial ◦ Depression ◦ Guilt ◦ Fear ◦ Shock |
| Physiological implications on a HIV infected person | ◦ Withdrawn, angry, rude ◦ May feel victimized ◦ Loss of self esteem ◦ Undesirable ◦ Unwanted ◦ Leads to breakdown |
| Social implications on a HIV infected person | ◦ Discrimination & stigma ◦ Poverty due to lack of income ◦ Loss of education ◦ Loss of employment ◦ Access to healthcare |
| Legal implications on a HIV infected person | ◦ Legislation finally pass to protect those with HIV ◦ People still lose jobs & promotion |
| Ethical implications on a HIV infected person | ◦ Discrimination ◦ Confidentiality ◦ Access to healthcare - Autonomy - Beneficence - Non-maleficence - Justice & fairness |
| Socio economic effects on HIV/AIDS | ◦ Poverty ◦ Life expectancy ◦ Households ◦ Healthcare ◦ Schooling ◦ Productivity ◦ Economic growth & development ◦ Shortage of skilled workers ◦ Workplace stigmatization |
| HIV in the workplace | • Loss of productivity • High production costs • Low morale – decrease productivity • Increase absenteeism = decrease income |
| HIV/AIDS stigma in workplace | Stigma in workplace can take form of: ◦ Loss of insurance benefits ◦ Wrongful transfers ◦ Demotions ◦ Denial of promotions ◦ Firing |
| HIV tests look for 3 different things | 1. Proteins on surface of virus (antigens) 2. An immune response to virus (antibodies) 3. Genetic material of virus (RNA/DNA) |
| P24 antigen assay function | ◦ Measures viral capsid p24 protein in blood ◦ Early after infection (2-4 weeks) to initial burst of virus replication ◦ P24 antigen assays aren’t reliable for diagnosing HIV infection after its very earliest stages |
| Antibody tests | Most common. AB part of immune response in contact with an infection, AB tests look for immune response. Finger prick /blood tests. Negative / “non-reactive”= HIV negative. Positive on fingerpick blood test. May be done by “rapid test” & blood test |
| HIV ELISA test | ◦ First HIV test ◦ Serum is mixed with HIV antigens ◦ If serum has antibodies – it will react to antigens ◦ An enzyme is added & color changes observed ◦ Amount of change determines presence of antibodies |
| ELISA | Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
| Western blot test | ◦ Sample separated into protein components using electrical current ◦ These proteins transferred to blotting paper ◦ Enzyme added to change color to detect antibodies |
| Viral load (RNA PCR test) | • This test looks directly for HIV in blood • It has shortest potential window period & can be used from 3 days-4 weeks after exposure |
| PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| PCR viral load look for | RNA/DNA |
| P24 test look for | Antigen |
| ELISA test look for | Antibodies |
| Western blot test look for | Antibodies |
| Rapid finger tests look for | Antibodies |
| Treatment for HIV | ◦ The Cocktail ◦ ARV ◦ HAART/ART ◦ Standard treatment consists of a combination of at least 3 drugs (HAART) that suppress HIV replication ◦ 3 drugs are used in order to reduce likelihood of virus developing resistance |
| ARV | Anti-retroviral |
| HAART | Highly Aactive Anti-Retroviral Therapy |
| Goals for ARV's | ◦ To provide maximal suppression of viral load ◦ Preserve immune function ◦ Reduce HIV related infections ◦ Prolong life expectancy & improve quality of life ◦ Prevent onward transmission of HIV |
| Classes of HIV drugs | ◦ Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ◦ Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ◦ Protease inhibitors ◦ Integrase inhibitors ◦ Fusion inhibitors |
| Explain nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors | Blocks HIV ability to use reverse transcriptase to build genetic material to enable virus to copy itself |
| Explain non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors | Act directly on reverse transcriptase to prevent it functioning correctly |
| Explain protease inhibitors | ◦ When HIV replicates in CD4 cell, it creates long stands of genetic material ◦ These strands need to be cut into shorter strands for HIV to replicate itself. To do this requires protease. ◦ Therefore, protease inhibitors prevents this |
| Explain integrase inhibitors | Block integrase from adding its DNA into DNA of your CD4 cells |
| Explain fusion inhibitors | Fusion inhibitors target the receptor sites & prevent virus docking onto healthy cells |
| PEP | Post Exposure Prophylaxis |
| What is PEP? | ◦ PEP is a combination of pills taken 1 – 72 hrs following an accidental exposure, to reduce risk of contracting HIV ◦ It is an emergency measure, not to be used as a regular method of preventing HIV transmission |
| Reasons PEP may fail | ◦ Person doesn’t take PEP as prescribed (every day for a month) ◦ Some drugs don’t work against some strains of HIV (rare) ◦ The initial viral load is too great for drugs to be effective |
| PEP may help: | ◦ People who think they might have been exposed to HIV during sex (sexual assault) ◦ Health care workers who think they've been exposed to HIV on job |
| Laws that protect people with HIV | ◦ Labour relations act ◦ Employment equity act ◦ Basic conditions of employment ◦ Equality & prevention of unfair discrimination ◦ Occupational health & safety act ◦ Compensation for occupational injuries & disease act |
| Explain the labours relations act | ◦ Protects employees against unfair dismissal ◦ Employer can be taken to Labour Court |
| Explain the employment equity act | ◦ Promotes equal opportunity by & prohibits unfair discrimination against an employee on grounds of their HIV status |
| Explain the basic conditions of employment | ◦ Sets standards on working hours, leave ◦ Sick employees can ask for more sick leave with less pay |
| Explain the equality & prevention of unfair discrimination | ◦ No unfair treatment in workplace especially regarding insurance |
| Explain the occupational health & safety act | ◦ Employer must ensure occupational exposure to HIV minimized as much as possible |
| Explain the compensation for occupational injuries & disease act | ◦ May apply for benefits in terms of Section 22 of the Act |
| Code of good practice for HIV | ◦ Code of good practice ◦ Is a code that is linked to employment equity act & labours relations act ◦ Sets out a standard & scope for appropriate response to HIV/aids in workplace |
Created by:
Megan Marx
Popular Phlebotomy sets