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Enlightenment/French
Enlightenment Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Enlightenment | An intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe during the 18th century. Known as the Age of Reason. |
| Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. |
| Natural Laws | a system of law based on a close observation of human nature |
| John Locke | Enlightenment thinker who had a political theory of government that emphasized consent of the governed as a way to protect the three natural rights of “life, liberty and property” that all people were born with |
| Baron de Montesquieu | French political philosopher who wrote, The Spirit of Laws and supported a constitutional system of government and the separation of powers, the ending of slavery, the preservation of civil liberties and the law |
| Voltaire | A French Enlightenment thinker, who emphasized the importance of tolerance, especially religious tolerance and advocated for freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. |
| Jean Jacque Rousseau | French philosopher and writer who believed that the natural goodness of man was harmed by society and believed in the state of nature, where man is free and independent and influenced the French Revolution (1712-1778) |
| Geocentrism | In the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe–scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe. |
| Heliocentrism | The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. |
| Social Contract | The agreement by which people give up their rights to the government to live in a safe and orderly way. |
| Enlightened Despot | Rulers who sort of followed Enlightenment ideas, but were unwilling to give up much power. |
| French Revolution | Turning point from 1789 to late 1790s where French citizens radically altered their political system, changing institutions such as the monarchy and the feudal system. |
| King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette | Absolute Monarchs of France at the time of the Revolution. Many felt that they did not respond to the needs and demands of the French citizens. They fled France, were captured and executed. |
| Republic | Government ruled by elected representatives instead of a monarchy |
| The Three Estates | Different classes in France at the time of the revolution, each representing a level of society. The first estate was the clergy; the second estate, the nobility, and the third estate the commoners. |
| Bourgeoisie | Middle class, sat at the top of the third estate |
| Estates General | The representative assembly of the three estates |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | first step to writing a constitution, this document said all French men were born free and equal, had natural rights and were equal before the law. |
| Robespierre | radical democrat and key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 |
| Guillotine | invention for inflicting capital punishment by decapitation, introduced into France in 1792. |
| Reign of Terror | a period of bloodshed, in particular the period of the Terror during the French Revolution. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | Later known by Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader during the French Revolution who led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. |
| Napoleonic Code | a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon. |
| Tennis Court Oath | A pledge that was signed in the early days of the French Revolution. A revolutionary act that displayed the belief that political authority came from the nation's people and not from the monarchy. |
| Sans- culottes | Working class men and women who pushed the revolutionaries to demand a republic |
| Committee on Public Safety | Twelve member committee that had almost absolute power as it battled to save the revolution, through acts of violence. |
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