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Early Humans
Paleolithic to Iron Age
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pre-history | The period of time before humans had developed writing |
| artifact | Things that humans created and used such as tools that are found by people later on |
| Paleolithic Age | (Old Stone Age) The early period of human history, approximately 2,500,000 to 10,000 B.C.E. when humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers that used simple stone and bone tools |
| nomads | people who move around instead of living in one place |
| hunter–gatherers | people who survive by hunting and trapping wild animals and gathering things found growing wild in nature such as fruits, nuts, plants, seeds and roots. |
| Neolithic Age | (New Stone Age) ca. 10,000 – 4,000 B.C.E. The time period when people began to grow grains and fruits and vegetables and raise animals for food, labor and resources instead of being hunter-gatherers. |
| Neolithic Revolution | The shift/change from the hunting of animals and gathering of food to the raising of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis that occurred around 8,000 B.C.E. |
| domestication | The changing and/or training of plants or animals for human use. |
| artisan | A skilled craftsperson who makes products such as weapons, pottery and jewelry |
| Bronze Age | The period from around 3,000 to 1,200 B.C.E. characterized by the widespread use of bronze for tools and weapons. By the beginning of the Bronze Age large numbers of people were concentrated in river valleys around the world |
| Iron Age | circa 1200 to 550 B.C.E. The time during which iron tools and weapons became common |
| culture | The beliefs, expected social behaviors and human made objects associated with an ethnic, religious, political or social group |
| civilization | A large group of people living in an area that have developed a relatively high level of culture and technology |
| B.C.E. (Before Common Era) | The time period in which we are counting backwards leading towards the time we begin counting forward; a non-religious alternative to mark time compared to B.C. |
| C. E. (Common Era) | The time period in which we keep track of the years counting forward; a non-religious alternative to the use of A.D |
| Fertile Crescent | the boomerang/crescent-shaped region of the Middle East that was home to some of the earliest human civilizations. Also known as the “Cradle of Civilization,” |
| city- state | a self-governing city that rules over the surrounding countryside. City-states have their own governments and are separate from nearby countries. They can be centers of political, economic, and cultural life. |
| Ziggurat (Zig gur at) | a massive, stepped tower on which was built a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city |
| Theocracy (The oc ra cy) | a government run by a leader(s) that are said to be put in the position of power by a god/goddess or claim to be at least partially godly him/herself. |
| deity | a supernatural being, like a god or goddess, that is worshipped by people who believe it controls or exerts force over some aspect of the world. |
| patriarchal (pa tri ar chal) | a system of oppression within which men have primary power and dominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property |
| polytheistic (pol y the is tic) | someone or a culture who believes in and worships many gods and goddesses |
| Cuneiform (C u ne i form) | a system of writing developed by Sumerians using a reed stylus to create wedge-shaped impressions on a clay tablet |
| scribe | a member of the educated class who was able to perform any of the following specialized jobs: copyist, teacher, member of a jury, or leader in the army, city government or temple |
| empire | a large political unit, usually under a single leader, that controls many groups of people or territories |
| irrigation | water that is brought to plants to help them grow when there is not enough rain. This water can be pumped from rivers, natural lakes or lakes created by dams, from wells or allowed to flow to the fields by the force of gravity along pipes or open canals. |
| topsoil | An upper layer of dirt that contains decomposed animals and plants = nature’s fertilizer; good for growing crops |
| silt | Topsoil that is picked up by moving water such as rivers and deposited alongside riverbanks and on deltas |
| tribute | wealth (gold and other things of value) sent from one country to another as a sign that the other is superior to them or in charge of them. This is like a tax for being beaten in war or a bribe to keep a stronger culture from attacking a weaker culture |
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