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APWH Unit 2
Networks of Exchange, 1200-1450
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Astrolabe | an instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars |
| Banking Houses | issued bills of exchange; model for modern banks |
| Batu Khan | the son of Genghis Khan’s oldest son who led an army of 100,000 Mongolian soldiers into Russia conquering small Russian kingdoms |
| Bills of Exchange | documents stating the holder was legally promised payment of a set amount on a set date |
| The Bubonic Plague | Mongol conquests brought fleas that carried the bubonic plague to Asia and Europe |
| Calicut | city on the west coast of India that became a thriving center of trade |
| Caravans | groups of people traveling together for mutual protection, often with pack animals such as camels |
| Caravanserai (or caravansary) | inns that popped up about 100 miles apart (the distance camels could go before they needed water) along the routes of the Silk Roads |
| Camel Saddle | saddles developed by South Arabians as the use of the camel spread |
| Chagatai Khanate | a medieval Central Asian empire and successor state to the Mongol Empire, ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan's son, Chagatai Khan, encompassing territories in present-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and parts of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan |
| Composite Bow | a versatile weapon that provided the Mongol cavalry with superior range, accuracy, and mobility, contributing to their military dominance and conquests |
| Constantinople | the capital of the eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and later the Ottoman Empire |
| Credit | an arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future |
| Cultural Diffusion | the spread of ideas, religions and products often resulting from trade |
| Dhow Ships | Arab ships with lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design; facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean networks |
| Diaspora | settlements of people away from their homeland arising from trade |
| Flying Money | a system of credit developed in China that allowed a person to deposit money at one location and withdraw it at another |
| Genghis Khan | name meaning “ruler of all” given to Temujin when he was elected khan of Mongolian Kingdom; also spelled Chinggis Khan |
| Ghana Empire | first of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa known as the Land of Gold |
| Gobi Desert | a desert in central Asia where many invaders came in to attack China |
| Golden Horde | Batu’s army that pushed westward through Russia and then into Europe |
| Goryeo Dynasty | a medieval Korean kingdom that faced multiple Mongol invasions and ultimately became a vassal state under Mongol rule |
| Gujarat | a region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati |
| Gunpowder | invented in China in the 9th century; used in siege warfare like cannons in the Song Dynasty |
| Hangzhou | capital of the Song Dynasty |
| Hanseatic League | a commercial alliance that formed between northern German cities and Scandinavia in the 13th century |
| Hulegu | grandson of Genghis Khan that took control of the southwest region into the Abbasid territories and more of the Middle East until defeat in 1260 |
| Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time |
| Il-Khanate | Hulegu’s medieval Mongol state that ruled over Persia, Mesopotamia, and parts of the Caucasus and Anatolia, blending Mongol and Islamic cultures while serving as a regional power in the 13th to 14th centuries |
| Indian Ocean Basin | largest sea-based trade network at the time |
| Indian Ocean Slave Trade | slaves from eastern Africa were sold in northern Africa, the Middle east, and India. This led to African customs spreading throughout these areas |
| Junk | Chinese sailing ship that developed during the Song Dynasty |
| Kashgar | trading city located at the western edge of China where northern and southern routes of the Silk Roads crossed |
| Khanates | the four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose after the death of Genghis Khan |
| Khmer Empire | powerful and long-lasting empire in what is modern-day Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and southern Vietnam |
| Kievan Rus | a medieval East Slavic federation of city-states and principalities that fell under Mongol domination, leading to the establishment of the Mongol-controlled state known as the Golden Horde |
| Kublai Khan | grandson of Genghis Khan that sought to conquer China and finally achieved it in 1271 and established the Yuan Dynasty |
| Kuriltai | meeting of Mongol chieftains in 1206 where Temujin “Genghis Khan” was elected khan of the Mongolian Kingdom |
| Lateen Sail | triangular shaped sail that could catch wind from many different directions |
| Magnetic Compass | navigation tool for determining direction that allowed ships to travel without following the coast |
| Malacca | a Muslim city-state that became wealthy by building a navy and collecting fees from ships that passed through the Strait of Malacca |
| Mali Empire | West African empire from 1235-1400 with trading cities Timbuktu and Gao |
| Mansa Musa | brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 to 1337; displayed Mali’s wealth during an extravagant pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Marco Polo | an Italian native who traveled to China in the late 13th century and wrote about travels |
| Margery Kempe | 1373-1440 she was an English mystic who dedicated one of the earliest autobiographies in English. The book is significant because it’s a first-hand account of a middle-class medieval woman’s life |
| Mecca | city in western Arabia that was the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad; ritual center of the Islamic religion and destination for pilgrimages |
| Ming Dynasty | Chinese dynasty from 1368-1644 founded by Zhu Yuanzhang after the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty |
| Mogadishu | city in the coastal region of East Africa |
| Money Economy | using money rather than bartering with commodities like cowrie shells or salt |
| Monsoons | heavy winds that affected trade routes in the Indian Ocean |
| Moscow | Russian city-state that collected additional tributes to build an anti-Mongol coalition that defeated the Golden Horde in 1380 at the Battle of Kulikovo |
| Nomadism | a central component of Mongol society, characterized by their mobile lifestyle, reliance on animal husbandry, and skilled horsemanship, which enabled the Mongols to establish a vast empire through their expertise in mounted warfare and strategic mobility |
| Ortogh | a merchant partnered with the state and individual aristocrats in the Mongol Empire |
| Overgrazing | continual eating of grasses or their roots without allowing them to regrow which led to abandonment of cities outside of Great Zimbabwe in the late 1400s |
| Pax Mongolica | the period of Mongolian peace between the 13th and 14th centuries |
| Porcelain | a fine blue and white dishware from China |
| Sahara Desert | large desert in northern Africa with an arid climate that make farming nearly impossible |
| Samarkand | located in present-day Uzbekistan in the Zeravshan River valley, this city was a stopping point on the Silk Roads between China and the Mediterranean |
| Siege Weapons | portable towers and catapults |
| Soil Erosion | overuse of farmland and deforestation reduced agricultural production in feudal Europe |
| Songhai Kingdom | an Islamic empire established in the 1400s after the decline of the Mali Empire in West Africa |
| Song Dynasty | (906-1279) Chinese dynasty that preceded the Yuan Dynasty |
| Spice Islands | term for the islands of modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia that exported spices like nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom |
| Stern Rudders | invented by the Chinese and made steering ships easier and more stable |
| Sundiata | Mali’s founding ruler who gained control of the gold trade routes |
| Sultanate of Malacca | powerful Islamic kingdom which reached its peak in the mid-1400s |
| Swahili City States | thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa created by Indian Ocean trade |
| Timbuktu | a very wealthy and world-renowned center for Islamic learning |
| Trans-Saharan Trade | route across the Sahara Desert; traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels and camel saddles were crucial in the development of these trade networks; facilitated the spread of Islam |
| Tumen | a military unit consisting of approximately 10,000 soldiers, led by a commander known as a noyan, and formed the backbone of the Mongol military organization during their conquests |
| Uyghur Script | system of writing that Genghis Khan adopted for the Mongol Empire |
| White Lotus Society | a secret society that began organizing to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty |
| Yuan Dynasty | established by Kublai Khan in 1271 and was tolerant towards various religious groups in China |
| Zheng He | a Muslim admiral, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of seven great voyages that took his many ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa |
| Zhu Yuanzhang | Buddhist monk that led the revolt to overthrow the Yuan Dynasty and established the Ming Dynasty in 1368 |
Created by:
sstiles08
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